Leptospirosis in the United States, 1971-1973

Geistfeld, James G.

doi:10.1093/infdis/131.6.743

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Our study is in accordance with the literature showing that the disease occurs mainly during the rainy season and that it affects predominantly adults [ 51 , 67 , 68 ]. Yet our bioclimatic analysis additionally shows that temperature plays a more determining role in the distribution of leptospirosis cases, as compared to precipitation variables.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Leptospirosis in Mexico: Epidemiology and Potential Distribution of Human Cases

et al. 2015

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BackgroundLeptospirosis is widespread in Mexico, yet the potential distribution and risk of the disease remain unknown.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe analysed morbidity and mortality according to age and gender based on three sources of data reported by the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Geography and Statics of Mexico, for the decade 2000–2010. A total of 1,547 cases were reported in 27 states, the majority of which were registered during the rainy season, and the most affected age group was 25–44 years old. Although leptospirosis has been reported as an occupational disease of males, analysis of morbidity in Mexico showed no male preference. A total number of 198 deaths were registered in 21 states, mainly in urban settings. Mortality was higher in males (61.1%) as compared to females (38.9%), and the case fatality ratio was also increased in males. The overall case fatality ratio in Mexico was elevated (12.8%), as compared to other countries. We additionally determined the potential disease distribution by examining the spatial epidemiology combined with spatial modeling using ecological niche modeling techniques. We identified regions where leptospirosis could be present and created a potential distribution map using bioclimatic variables derived from temperature and precipitation. Our data show that the distribution of the cases was more related to temperature (75%) than to precipitation variables. Ecological niche modeling showed predictive areas that were widely distributed in central and southern Mexico, excluding areas characterized by extreme climates.Conclusions/SignificanceIn conclusion, an epidemiological surveillance of leptospirosis is recommended in Mexico, since 55.7% of the country has environmental conditions fulfilling the criteria that favor the presence of the disease.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Leptospirosis in Mexico: Epidemiology and Potential Distribution of Human Cases

et al. 2015

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“…Tanto el hombre como los animales se pueden infectar en forma directa por contacto con tejidos u orina infectada o de manera indirecta por contacto con suelos, agua o vegetación contaminados. El gran espectro de síntomas clínicos que la caracteriza hacen que el diagnóstico se confunda con mucha facilidad con otras enfermedades de tipo febril (1).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Estudio de casos clínicos e incidencia de leptospirosis humana en el estado de Yucatán, México durante el período 1998 a 2000

et al. 2002

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Introducción. La leptospirosis es una zoonosis producida por espiroquetas del género Leptospira. En humanos presenta un amplio espectro de manifestaciones clínicas, desde una infección subclínica, un cuadro febril anictérico, hasta síndrome de Weil potencialmente fatal. El objetivo del trabajo fue caracterizar las manifestaciones clínicas de los casos, determinar la incidencia y conocer algunos factores epidemiológicos de leptospirosis en el estado de Yucatán, México de 1998 a 2000. Material y métodos. Se analizaron 439 sueros de pacientes con sintomatología sugestiva a leptospirosis, procedentes de Mérida y zonas rurales, por las técnicas de ELISA IgM y Microaglutinación (MA). Resultados. Se obtuvo una positividad a la leptospira en 61 casos de (13.9%), con predominio del área rural (20.5%) sobre la urbana (9.5%). Los casos anictéricos (benignos) fueron 52 (85.2%) y los ictéricos (graves) 9 (14.8%). La fiebre, cefalea, mialgia y artralgia fueron más frecuentes en pacientes anictéricos (›79%) y en casos ictéricos, lo fue la fiebre, cefalea, ictericia, coluria, síndrome gastrointestinal y ocular (›78%). Las serovariedades panamá y pomona predominaron en casos anictéricos y en los casos ictéricos icterohaemorragiae y panamá. La incidencia acumulada fue de 0.04 casos/1000 hab. De junio a octubre se presentaron el mayor número de casos (72%), que coinciden con la época de más alta precipitación pluvial. Conclusión. La leptospirosis es una zoonosis endémica del estado de Yucatán. Se presenta con mayor frecuencia en su forma benigna (anictérica), y su relación con la época de lluvias propicia confusión con otros padecimientos febriles, por lo que sugerimos sea considerada dentro del diagnóstico diferencial.

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“…Nague hi [6], under the impression that the organism was the cause of yellow fever, named it Lep tospira icterohemorrhagiae, now known as the icterohemorrhagiae serogroup of Lep tospira interrogans. Until recently it was felt that Weil's disease was a severe variant of only the icterohemorrhagiae serogroup but most of the other serogroups have now been implicated [7], Although leptospirosis has been reviewed extensively elsewhere [2][3][4], several of the clinical features of this case merit further consideration because the diagnosis is often not suspected initially, and misdiagnosis is the rule in this disease. Our patient had an unusually complicated course of infection with renal, pericardial, hepatic and ophthalmologic involvement.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This widespread disease may present diagnostic difficulties [2][3][4], We report a patient with Weil's dis ease where the diagnosis was first suggested by the ophthalmologist.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cotton-Wool Spots as a Sign in Leptospirosis (Weil’s Disease)

Gutman¹,

Walsh²,

Knapp

1983

Ophthalmologica

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A 44-year-old black male presented with fever, myalgia and weakness. He had elevated blood urea nitrogen, creatine phosphokinase and serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase. During the first 6 days of this undiagnosed illness azotemia increased, a pericardial friction rub occurred, and hematuria was present. On the 7th day bilateral subconjunctival hemorrhages, anterior uveitis, and peripapillary cotton-wool spots were noted. This combination of findings suggested leptospirosis, which was subsequently confirmed by specific antibody titers. Therapeutic response was achieved with high-dose systemic steroids.

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Leptospirosis in the United States, 1971-1973

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Leptospirosis in Mexico: Epidemiology and Potential Distribution of Human Cases

Leptospirosis in Mexico: Epidemiology and Potential Distribution of Human Cases

Estudio de casos clínicos e incidencia de leptospirosis humana en el estado de Yucatán, México durante el período 1998 a 2000

Cotton-Wool Spots as a Sign in Leptospirosis (Weil’s Disease)

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