“…Everyday frontline interactions, and therapeutic and recreational interventions, are embedded in international, national, historical, social, political, and economic inequalities and inequities (de Finney et al, 2012); thus, decisions concerning these actions cannot be solely based on practitioners' intentions, empathy, formal training, or years of experience. For instance, Black Canadian youth, also called African Canadian youth, are disproportionately represented in the child welfare system (Ontario Human Rights Commission, 2018;Pon et al, 2011;United Nations General Assembly, 2017) and experience documented challenges in the areas of schooling, post-secondary education, criminal justice, and employment (Bernard & Smith, 2018;Briggs, 2018;Bundy, 2019;Collins & Magnan, 2018;Creese, 2010;James, 2012James, , 2019Kanu, 2008;Lafortune, 2019;Robson et al, 2018;Schroeter & James, 2015;Thésée & Carr, 2014;Usman, 2012;Wortley & Owusu-Bempah, 2011). Perhaps we should decentre our attention from individual life trajectories and risk factors to examine closely the systemic and institutional factors that affect Black youth.…”