Let Me Go: The Influences of Crawling Experience and Temperament on the Development of Anger Expression

Roben, Caroline K. P.; Bass, Anneliese J.; Moore, Ginger A.; Murray‐Kolb, Laura E.; Tan, Patricia Z.; Gilmore, Rick O.; Buss, Kristin A.; Cole, Pamela M.; Teti, Laureen O.

doi:10.1111/j.1532-7078.2011.00092.x

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 37 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…For example, anger expressions increase as young children become more capable of acting upon their environments and overcoming obstacles (Campos, Campos, & Barrett, 1989). After the onset of crawling, infants display more anger for several weeks (Zachry et al, 2015), which appears linked to increased willfulness (Biringen, Campos, Emde, & Appelbaum, 2008) and greater reactivity to their action being restricted (Roben et al, 2012). Anger further increases during the second year; as children's self-awareness and language skills develop, they assert themselves even when they recognize their goals are at odds with those of caregivers and can say "No" (Goodenough, 1931).…”

Section: Emotional Development In the Preschool Yearsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-related changes in the relation between preschoolers’ anger and persistence

Ramsook

Benson

Ram

et al. 2019

International Journal of Behavioral Development

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Although the functionalist perspective on emotional development posits that emotions serve adaptive functions, empirical tests of the role of anger mostly focus on how anger contributes to dysfunction. Developmentally, as children gain agency and skill at emotion regulation between the ages of 36 months and 48 months, their modulation of anger may facilitate its functional role for behavior. We examined this possibility through study of how 120 children’s anger and sadness were related to persistence during the transparent locked box task at ages 36 and 48 months. Using survival analyses, we examined how children’s anger and sadness were related to their giving up during the challenging task, and whether those relations were moderated by age. Using hidden Markov models (HMMs), we examined how children transitioned among anger, sadness, and on-task behavior states and whether those dynamics differed with age. Survival analysis revealed that age moderated the relation between anger and giving up. Greater anger was associated with greater likelihood of giving up earlier in the task at 36 months but with lower likelihood of giving up at 48 months. HMM analyses revealed that children were more likely to transition from a Calm/On-task to Calm/Off-task state at 36 months than at 48 months; that children were more likely to remain in an Anger/On-task state at 36 months than at 48 months; and that children were more likely to transition from Calm/On-task to Anger/On-task, and from Anger/On-task back to Calm/On-task at 48 months than at 36 months. Taken together, the findings suggest that anger appraisals may facilitate children in maintaining persistence, but that this functionality may develop with age.

show abstract

Section: Emotional Development In the Preschool Yearsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-related changes in the relation between preschoolers’ anger and persistence

Ramsook

Benson

Ram

et al. 2019

International Journal of Behavioral Development

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…We normalized to each infant four sessions surrounding the key upright motor milestones of pulling‐to‐stand and cruising: the session marking the onset of the milestone, the session immediately prior, and the two sessions following (see Table for mean ages at each session). We chose those particular time points based on standard practices in the literature for taking assessments of an outcome measure immediately prior to a target event, followed by subsequent repeated assessments post‐target event (Metcalfe et al., ; Pemberton Roben et al., ). We did not have data for one infant's second session postcruising.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strength of Infants' Bimanual Reaching Patterns is Related to the Onset of Upright Locomotion

Atun-Einy

Berger

Ducz

et al. 2013

Infancy

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Infants typically exhibit a shift from unimanual to bimanual reaching toward the end of their first year, which has been linked to walking onset. Until now, however, it has been unclear whether it was the onset of walking per se that influenced reaching patterns or whether a more general shift to an upright posture might have prompted the reorganization of the motor system. To address this question, the current study longitudinally chronicled the uni‐ and bimanual reaching preferences of 25 infants every 3 weeks starting at 7 months, prior to the onset of pulling‐to‐stand and through the onset of cruising. Experimenters recorded infants' reaching behavior via a semi‐structured reaching procedure and documented their motor development. There was no relationship between the shift from uni‐ to bimanual reaching and the onset of pulling‐to‐stand. However, the onset of cruising was related to a shift in reaching pattern preference, suggesting that the increase in infants' bimanual reaching was prompted by a reorganization of the motor system in which the arms are recruited for use in new ways to support locomotion. We also discuss individual differences in the trajectory of reaching activity in terms of the pitfalls of using age as an explanatory variable.

show abstract

“…Anger expression is already observed in infancy (Braungart-Rieker, Hill-Soderlund, & Karrass, 2010;Pemberton Roben et al, 2012), and the structure of anger is universal across cultures (Alonso-Arbiol et al, 2011). Because people express anger under interpersonal provocations or conflicts, rapid recognition of angry faces is important to restore relationships with others or to be motivated to avoid dangerous situations.…”

Section: The Influence Of Working Memory On the Anger Superiority Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of working memory on the anger superiority effect

Moriya

Koster

Raedt

2014

Cognition and Emotion

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The anger superiority effect shows that an angry face is detected more efficiently than a happy face. However, it is still controversial whether attentional allocation to angry faces is a bottom-up process or not. We investigated whether the anger superiority effect is influenced by top-down control, especially working memory (WM). Participants remembered a color then searched for differently colored facial expressions. Just holding the color information in WM did not modulate the anger superiority effect. However, when increasing the probabilities of trials in which the color of a target face matched the color held in WM, participants were inclined to direct attention to the target face regardless of the facial expression. Moreover, the knowledge of high probability of valid trials eliminated the anger superiority effect. These results suggest that the anger superiority effect is modulated by top-down effects of WM, the probability of events and expectancy about these probabilities.Keywords: working memory, visual search, facial expressions, emotion, attention The Influence of Working Memory on the Anger Superiority EffectAnger is one of the inherent human emotions. Anger expression is already observed in infancy (Braungart-Rieker, Hill-Soderlund, & Karrass, 2010;Pemberton Roben et al., 2012), and the structure of anger is universal across cultures (Alonso-Arbiol et al., 2011). Because people express anger under interpersonal provocations or conflicts, rapid recognition of angry faces is important to restore relationships with others or to be motivated to avoid dangerous situations. Many previous studies have shown automatic attentional allocation to angry faces (Eastwood, Smilek, & Merikle, 2001;Fox et al., 2000;Frischen, Eastwood, & Smilek, 2008;Hansen & Hansen, 1988;Horstmann & Bauland, 2006;Öhman, Lundqvist, & Esteves, 2001;Pinkham, Griffin, Baron, Sasson, & Gur, 2010;Williams, Moss, Bradshaw, & Mattingley, 2005). In these studies visual search paradigms are used in which several facial expressions are presented and participants are required to determine whether all presented facial expressions are from the same category (e.g., angry) or not. Reaction times (RTs) to detect an angry target, which is surrounded by happy faces, are shorter than those for a happy target in a crowd of angry distractor faces (Horstmann & Bauland, 2006;Pinkham et al., 2010). This rapid detection of an angry face is called the anger superiority effect. Although some previous studies suggest that the anger superiority effect does not depend on the number of distractors (Öhman et al., 2001), it is still controversial whether attentional allocation to angry faces is a bottom-up and automatic attentional process or not (Frischen et al., 2008).In recent studies, top-down effects on emotional processing have been demonstrated, suggesting that the anger superiority effect is not a purely bottom-up and automatic process. (Mohanty & Sussman, 2013;Todd, Cunningham, Anderson, & Thompson, 2012). Previous studies have shown that angry ...

show abstract

Let Me Go: The Influences of Crawling Experience and Temperament on the Development of Anger Expression

Cited by 11 publications

References 37 publications

Age-related changes in the relation between preschoolers’ anger and persistence

Age-related changes in the relation between preschoolers’ anger and persistence

Strength of Infants' Bimanual Reaching Patterns is Related to the Onset of Upright Locomotion

The influence of working memory on the anger superiority effect

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About