Lethal and Sublethal Toxicity of Thiamethoxam and Clothianidin Commercial Formulations to Soil Invertebrates in a Natural Soil

Ritchie, Ellyn; Scroggins, Richard P.; Princz, Juliska

doi:10.1002/etc.4521

Cited by 23 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Clothianidin was approximately 100 times more toxic than thiacloprid, with an LC50 of 0.07 mg a.s./kg dry soil. Ritchie et al (2019) tested the commercial formulation Titan ® (clothianidin) to F. candida, and their results are similar to ours, indicating that toxicity of the pure active substance (a.s.) is not affected by formulating agents.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…Residues of clothianidin were confirmed in soil samples taken at the end of the test (56 d), indicating that thiamethoxam was indeed converted into clothianidin in our earthworm tests. Ritchie et al () also found residues of clothianidin in the tests performed with thiamethoxam, using E. andrei as a surrogate. In their results, concentration of clothianidin increased over time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Acute toxicity tests (14 d) presented by the Australian National Registration Authority for Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals (2001), using thiamethoxam and the formulation Cruiser 350 FS, also showed no toxicity to survival (LC50 > 1000 mg a.s./kg dry soil), and no toxicity was found when E. andrei were exposed to Actara 70 WS in a 28-d test (National Registration Authority for Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals 2001). Ritchie et al (2019) also tested thiamethoxam as Actara to E. andrei, and their results showed no toxicity to survival; however, the compound was toxic to reproduction, with an EC50 of 3.0 mg a.s./kg dry soil. This EC50 is lower than the value we found, which might be the result of differences in density of biomass/soil between the tests-2 adults/jar into 50 g of soil, in contrast to our density, which was 10 adults/jar into 600 g of soil.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxicity in Neonicotinoids to Folsomia candida and Eisenia andrei

Silva

Rooij

Verweij

et al. 2019

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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We compared the toxicity of the neonicotinoids imidacloprid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, and clothianidin in terms of the survival and reproduction of 2 species of soil invertebrates, Folsomia candida and Eisenia andrei. Tests were performed using LUFA 2.2 natural soil, following standard protocols aimed at answering 2 questions: 1) Is there a difference in the toxicity between pure compound and its formulation? and 2) Is there a difference in the sensitivity of the species exposed to the same compound? For E. andrei, formulations and pure compounds had similar toxicity to both endpoints tested. For F. candida, acetamiprid and imidacloprid had different toxicities, with acetamiprid being 4 times more toxic to survival (median lethal concentration [LC50] 0.12 mg active substance [a.s.]/kg dry soil) and imidacloprid being 4 times more toxic to reproduction of the springtail (median effect concentration [EC50] 0.25 mg a.s./kg dry soil) than their commercial formulations. The most toxic compound to E. andrei was acetamiprid (LC50 0.80 and EC50 0.35–0.40 mg a.s./kg), and the most toxic to F. candida was clothianidin (LC50 0.07 and EC50 0.05 mg a.s./kg). Estimated risk ratios indicated that only one application/yr of clothianidin in the formulation Poncho® may pose a threat to the populations of springtails and earthworms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:548–555. © 2019 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxicity in Neonicotinoids to Folsomia candida and Eisenia andrei

Silva

Rooij

Verweij

et al. 2019

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…Firefly larvae of other species are known to feed on slugs ( Barker, 2004 ), which can also contain high doses of neonicotinoids (500 ng g −1 ), leading to disrupted biological control provided by carabid beetles ( Douglas, Rohr & Tooker, 2015 ). Compounded with reduced prey availability in habitats where neonicotinoids are used ( Ritchie et al, 2019 ; Tooker & Pearsons, 2021 ), decreased feeding activity and high risks of further neonicotinoid exposure through contaminated prey may explain why adult lampyrid densities are significantly lower where clothianidin has been used as a seed coating ( Disque et al, 2019 ), even if acute mortality is low. Adult fireflies may also encounter neonicotinoid residues while resting on sprayed vegetation or during oviposition into soil ( Pisa et al, 2021 ), although the risk of such exposure does not appear to have been explored.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity of clothianidin to common Eastern North American fireflies

Pearsons

Lower

Tooker

2021

PeerJ

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Background Previous research suggests that fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) are susceptible to commonly used insecticides. In the United States, there has been a rapid and widespread adoption of neonicotinoid insecticides, predominantly used as seed coatings on large-acreage crops like corn, soy, and cotton. Neonicotinoid insecticides are persistent in soil yet mobile in water, so they have potential to contaminate firefly habitats both in and adjacent to application sites. As a result, fireflies may be at high risk of exposure to neonicotinoids, possibly jeopardizing this already at-risk group of charismatic insects. Methods To assess the sensitivity of fireflies to neonicotinoids, we exposed larvae of Photuris versicolor complex and Photinus pyralis to multiple levels of clothianidin-treated soil and monitored feeding behavior, protective soil chamber formation, intoxication, and mortality. Results Pt. versicolor and Pn. pyralis larvae exhibited long-term intoxication and mortality at concentrations above 1,000 ng g−1 soil (1 ppm). Under sub-lethal clothianidin exposure, firefly larvae fed less and spent less time in protective soil chambers, two behavioral changes that could decrease larval survival in the wild. Discussion Both firefly species demonstrated sub-lethal responses in the lab to clothianidin exposure at field-realistic concentrations, although Pt. versicolor and Pn. pyralis appeared to tolerate higher clothianidin exposure relative to other soil invertebrates and beetle species. While these two firefly species, which are relatively widespread in North America, appear somewhat tolerant of neonicotinoid exposure in a laboratory setting, further work is needed to extend this conclusion to wild populations, especially in rare or declining taxa.

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“…equation.proved that imidacloprid was more toxic than thiacloprid on Eisenia andrei Ritchie et al (2019). investigated that exposure to clothianidin resulted in a 56-d LC50 of 0.26 mg kg -1 dry soil for E. andrei.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity and Biochemical Effects of Spirotetramat and its Binary Mixtures with Nanosilica against Aphis gossypii Glover, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius and the Earthworm, Eisenia fetida

Hussein

Tawfeek²,

Eldesouky

2022

Alexandria Science Exchange Journal

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Nanotechnology will make agriculture eco-friendly and profitable by reducing the concentration of insecticides used, which is appreciable from the environmental safety perspective. Toxicity of spirotetramat alone and its mixtures with nanosilica against nymphs of Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and adults of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) was evaluated through laboratory and field experiments during two years (2020 and 2021). The possible impact of treatments on Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) was also assessed. The enzymatic activity of carboxylesterase (CarE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in tested insects and earthworm was estimated. Toxicity of spirotetramat was increased when mixed with nanosilica at 250, 500, 1000 mg L -1 , ratios were 1.13, 1.91 & 2.59 -fold on A. gossypii, 1.12, 1.41 & 2.26 -fold on B. tabaci and 1.05, 1.17 & 1.46 -fold on E. fetida, respectively. Spirotetramat and nanosilica at 1000 mg L -1 mixture gave the highest significantly increased in CarE activity of A. gossypii and B. tabaci (11.42 and 9.33 μmol min -1 mg protein -1 ), and decreased the GST activity (1.54 and 1.69 μmol min -1 mg protein -1 ), respectively, relative to the control. While, the same previous mixture on E. fetida increased the enzyme activity of CarE and GST (13.37 and 3.36 μmol min -1 mg protein -1 ), respectively, compared to the control. Additionally, the mixture of spirotetramat and nanosilica at 1000 mg L -1 recorded the highest population reduction percentages in A. gossypii (92.5 and 95.5 %) and B. tabaci (79.9 and 84.4 %) compared with spirotetramat alone (88.6 and 90.7%) for A. gossypii, (73.6 and 78.9%) for B. tabaci during 2020 and 2021 cotton seasons, respectively.

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Lethal and Sublethal Toxicity of Thiamethoxam and Clothianidin Commercial Formulations to Soil Invertebrates in a Natural Soil

Cited by 23 publications

References 43 publications

Toxicity in Neonicotinoids to Folsomia candida and Eisenia andrei

Toxicity in Neonicotinoids to Folsomia candida and Eisenia andrei

Toxicity of clothianidin to common Eastern North American fireflies

Toxicity and Biochemical Effects of Spirotetramat and its Binary Mixtures with Nanosilica against Aphis gossypii Glover, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius and the Earthworm, Eisenia fetida

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