Leukocytic Response to Measles

Benjamin, B.; Ward, Sylvia M.

doi:10.1001/archpedi.1932.01950120003001

Cited by 21 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Our work shows that natural measles lowers the number of T lymphocytes thus offering an explanation for the transient lymphopenia reported in this infection (18 why cutaneous-delayed hypersensitivity reactions are diminished for several weeks after the acute infection (19). The proportion of T cells that contained virus varied according to the degree of mitogenic stimulation, for when weakly stimulated by PWM no more positive cells were seen than when B lymphocytes were stimulated by this mitogen.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Cell-Mediated Immunity during Natural Measles Infection

Whittle¹,

Dossetor²,

Oduloju³

et al. 1978

J. Clin. Invest.

110

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Cell-Mediated Immunity during Natural Measles Infection

Whittle¹,

Dossetor²,

Oduloju³

et al. 1978

J. Clin. Invest.

110

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“…Lymphopenia is a characteristic of many acute viral infections, including measles (4,8,10,13,22,24,25,44,45,50). Profound lymphopenia has previously been associated with severe measles and high mortality in African children (22,23,45), and the four children in our study who died during hospitalization had lymphocyte counts in the lowest quartile at study entry.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional and Phenotypic Changes in Circulating Lymphocytes from Hospitalized Zambian Children with Measles

Ryon

Moss

Monze

et al. 2002

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Measles is associated with immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to secondary infections and is a particular problem in developing countries. Lymphocyte changes accompanying immune activation and regulation of the immune response may contribute to immunosuppression. To evaluate lymphocyte changes during measles, children (n ‫؍‬ 274) hospitalized with measles in Lusaka, Zambia, were evaluated at entry, discharge, and 1-month follow-up and compared to healthy Zambian children (n ‫؍‬ 98). Lymphopenia was present on hospital admission and reflected decreased CD4 and CD8 T cells but resolved quickly. Lymphopenia was most marked in girls, in those with temperatures of >38.5°C, and in malnourished children. CD4/CD8 ratios were decreased at all time points and were lower in boys than in girls at discharge and follow-up. Spontaneous death occurred in cultured lymphocytes, and the proportions of freshly isolated cells undergoing apoptosis, based on annexin V and propidium iodide staining, were increased. Surface Fas was increased on both CD4 and CD8 T cells compared to controls, and expression was greater on CD4 T cells and was inversely correlated with lymphocyte viability in culture at study entry. Mitogen stimulation of lymphocytes improved viability, but inhibitors of Fas, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, and TNF did not. Plasma levels of ␤ 2 microglobulin and soluble Fas, Fas ligand, CD8, CD4, and TNF receptor were increased, and soluble CD8 was higher in boys than in girls. The multiple effects of measles on lymphocytes from Zambian children include decreased numbers in circulation, increased activation, and increased susceptibility to cell death, with substantive differences in the magnitude of these changes between boys and girls.Measles causes nearly 1 million deaths per year worldwide, with the heaviest burden occurring in sub-Saharan Africa (9). The high morbidity and mortality associated with measles virus (MV) infection is due primarily to secondary infections, particularly of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts (12,53,55). Increased susceptibility to other infectious diseases has been linked to the immune suppression associated with this infection. Cell-mediated immunity, manifested by decreased delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to skin test antigens and decreased proliferation of lymphocytes after stimulation in vitro, is suppressed, and this suppression may persist for several months after recovery (74,80,86,87).The mechanism of MV-induced immune suppression is incompletely understood, and few studies of children in developing countries, where mortality rates are highest, have been done. Lymphocyte activation is a consistent feature of acute measles (34, 38) in North and South American children, and we have proposed that the observed cytokine "shift" from type 1 cytokines early during infection to type 2 cytokines during and after recovery (35) inhibits development of effective type 1 cytokine-mediated cell-mediated immunity responses upon subsequent exp...

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“…The mechanisms of lymphopenia in group A may be due to any or all of the following: an elevated cortisol level which is a frequent homeostatic response during stress; the 'trapping' of lymphocytes in peripheral lymphoid tissues; viral destruction of cells. The detection of severe lymphopenia in measles in the presence of exuberant lymphocytic formation in peripheral Iymphoid tissues would make 'trapping' a likely event (Benjamin and Ward, 1932). Replication of measles virus in T-and B-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood may well lead to destruction of these cells (Joseph et al, 1975).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunological events in acute measles influencing outcome.

Coovadia¹,

Wesley²,

Brain³

1978

Arch Dis Child

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77% of 30 children with measles who had severe lymphopenia (less than 2000/mm3; less than 2.0 x 10(9)/1) within 2 days of appearance of rash (group A) subsequently died or progressed to chronic chest disease. This was significantly worse than the outcome in 30 children with measles who had lymphocyte counts more than 2000/mm3 (more than 2.0 x 10(9)/1) (group B) of whom 67% recovered. In group A children the persistence of severe lymphopenia (caused by a reduction in T- and B-cells) for at least 15 days after onset of rash, remained a good predictive index of morbidity and mortality. Reversal of immunoparesis in group A was slower and incomplete 42 days from appearance of the rash in those who subsequently died or developed chronic chest disease compared with those who recovered. All patients who died failed to produce adequate measles antibodies. The therapeutic implications and immunopathological significance of these findings for chronic complications after acute measles are discussed.

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Leukocytic Response to Measles

Cited by 21 publications

References 24 publications

Cell-Mediated Immunity during Natural Measles Infection

Cell-Mediated Immunity during Natural Measles Infection

Functional and Phenotypic Changes in Circulating Lymphocytes from Hospitalized Zambian Children with Measles

Immunological events in acute measles influencing outcome.

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