Levan Produced by the Halophilic Bacterium <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> BK1 as a Nanoparticle for Protein Immobilization

Abstract

This study examined the potential of levan from the halophilic bacterium Bacillus licheniformis BK1 as a nanoparticle system for protein immobilization. Levan produced by B. licheniformis BK1 was obtained by incubating the bacterium in the optimized Belghith medium, containing 15% (w/v) sucrose, 7.5% (w/v) NaCl and pH 8, in a rotary shaker at 150 rpm for 16 h, at 40 °C. The structure of the levan produced was verified by FTIR and NMR. It appeared that the levan had the same structure as that from Erwinia herbicola. The obtained levan was then used as a nanoparticle system to immobilize BSA and lysozyme proteins. The BSA-nanoparticle had a non-spherical shape with a surface charge of about -4.72 mV and a size distribution in the range of 83–298 nm. In contrast, the lysozyme-nanoparticle exhibited more spherical shapes with a surface charge of -2.57 mV and 206–285 nm size distribution. The efficiency of immobilization was about 74.26% and 81.77% for BSA and lysozyme, respectively. The study thus shows that levan produced by B. licheniformis BK1 can be used as a nanoparticle system for protein immobilization.

Thermostabilization of a fungal laccase by entrapment in enzymatically synthesized levan nanoparticles

“…Other works with proteins entrapped into LNP report similar zeta potential values. As reported by Oktavia et al [ 45 ] entrapment of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lysozyme in levan, yielded nanoparticles with a non-spherical (for BSA) and spherical (for lysozyme) shape, an average size of 65–100 and 210–280 nm and negative zeta potential values of -4.72 and -2.57 mV, respectively. In the context of drug delivery systems and other biomedical applications, nanoparticles possessing a neutral charge demonstrate several advantageous characteristics.…”

Recent Developments and Applications of Microbial Levan, A Versatile Polysaccharide-Based Biopolymer

“…Sezer et al obtained microparticles of levan and vancomycin, showing that levan molecules could be a carrier for antibiotics and were safe [ 100 ]. Octavia et al indicates that levan nanoparticles can encapsulate protein molecules and peptides, as demonstrated by albumin and lysozyme [ 133 ]. Cerium oxide nanoparticles, called nanocarriers, coated with levan showed antioxidant activity and reduced the level of ROS (reactive oxygen species) found after treatment of NIH/3T3 fibroblasts with hydrogen peroxide [ 130 ].…”

Hybrid levan–Ag/AgCl nanoparticles produced by UV-irradiation: properties, antibacterial efficiency and application in bioactive poly(vinyl alcohol) films

“…37 Levan application has now extended into the eld of nanotechnology, where it is used as capping agent for NPs synthesis. [38][39][40][41][42] Due to its chemical characteristics, levan can be distinguished from other biopolymers by its good solubility in oil, high water and oil holding, good biocompatibility, low viscosity and stability to heat, acid, and alkali. 43,44 Levan has been reported to form NPs by self-assembly in water.…”