Level of Exposure of Childhood Tuberculosis with Adult Pulmonary Tuberculosis Household Contacts

Abstract

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in children is a neglected global health problem, with an increasing proportion of TB cases in Indonesia. Children with TB are most often impacted by TB transmission in the population at large, especially adult TB that exists in the child's household. This study aimed to find protective factors that can keep children healthy despite household adult TB contacts. This study reports on 132 respondents with a case-control study conducted at nine referred hospitals and several primary health care based on medical records in Special Region of Yogyakarta Province. The study lasted from January to December 2014, while the data analysis was used by both of bivariate (chi-square) and multivariate (multiple logistic regression) analysis. The study found that healthy houses, especially those with healthy bedrooms and fewer exposures to adult TB sufferer, influenced by confounder variables, protected children from TB even though they were exposed to adult TB in their environment. Longer periods of living together is not a risk factor for children to contract TB when living with adult TB patients at home. However, this risk increases with frequent exposure among children to adult TB patients at home. Keywords: Children, exposure, household contact, tuberculosis Abstrak Tuberkulosis paru (TB) pada anak kian menjadi masalah kesehatan global yang masih terlupakan seiring dengan peningkatan proporsi TB di Indonesia. Penularan penyakit ini di populasi umum seringkali berdampak pada anak, terlebih ketika kontak TB terjadi di rumah tangga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh faktor protektif sehingga anak tetap sehat meskipun memiliki kontak dengan penderita TB dewasa serumah. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan kasus-kontrol pada 132 responden anak yang berasal dari sembilan rumah sakit rujukan dan beberapa puskesmas di Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Penelitian dilakukan dalam periode Januari hingga Desember 2014 yang hasilnya dianalisis dengan uji bivariat (kai kuadrat) dan multivariat (regresi logistik ganda). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rumah yang memenuhi syarat kesehatan, yakni ruang tidur yang sehat, serta paparan yang jarang diterima dari penderita TB dewasa mampu memproteksi anak agar tetap sehat meskipun tinggal serumah dengan penderita dewasa penyakit ini. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa lama tinggal bersama bukanlah faktor risiko penyakit TB pada anak. Hal ini karena meskipun lama tinggal bersama antara penderita TB dewasa dengan anak, namun apabila memiliki paparan yang jarang, hal ini pun tidak signifikan menjadikan anak untuk terkena TB.

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