Levels and Trends of BMI, Obesity, and Overweight at National and Sub-national Levels in Iran from 1990 to 2016; A Comprehensive Pooled Analysis of Half a Million Individuals

Djalalinia, Shirin; Mehdipour, Parinaz; Mohajer, Bahram; Mohebi, Farnam; Larijani, Bagher; Sepanlou, Sadaf G; Ghanbari, Ali; Peykari, Niloofar; Kasaeian, Amir; Pazhuheian, Forough; Ghasemian, Anoosheh; Farzadfar, Farshad

doi:10.34172/aim.2021.51

Cited by 24 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Age-standardized prevalence of obesity was estimated at 10.8% (9.7-12.0) in male participants and 14.9% (13.6-16.1) in female participants. At the same time, 2.3% (2.0-2.7) of male participants and 5.0% Parallel with our findings, several previous studies have presented increasing trends of obesity and overweight in an Iranian population (1,7,8,20,21). Based on STEPs 2016, with significant difference, the national prevalence of normal weight, obesity, and overweight/obesity in ≥18-year-old Iranian adults was estimated at 36.7% (95% CI: 36.1-37.3), 22.7% (22.2-23.2), and 59.3% (58.7-59.9), respectively (9).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Previous accurate studies confirmed that, following a considerable increase through recent decades, the national age-standardized mean BMI reached 27.9 (27.2–28.7) kg/m² in women and 25.9 (25.2–26.5) kg/m² in men. In addition, the prevalence of overweight/obesity is 71.7% (67.9–75.8) and 36.8% (34.1–39.7) in women and 57.1% (53.7–60.6) and 18.4% (16.9–20) in men ( 8 , 9 ). The mean number of attributable deaths to excess BMI is estimated as 13,000 in men and 17,000 in women ( 10 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The levels of BMI and patterns of obesity and overweight during the COVID-19 pandemic: Experience from the Iran STEPs 2021 survey

et al. 2022

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BackgroundObesity and its increasing burden have become an urgent health problem all over the world. Benefiting from a national representative sample, the present study aimed to estimate the distribution of body mass index (BMI) levels and its association with metabolic and lifestyle risk factors in an Iranian adult population by sex, age, and geographical distribution.MethodsThis study involves a national survey of noncommunicable disease risk factor surveillance (STEPs) in Iran. Through systematic random sampling, in compliance with safety considerations during the COVID-19 pandemic, of the 28,520 adults who gave voluntary consent and included in the study, 27,874 participants completed the questionnaires (step 1), 27,745 individuals were anthropometrically measured (step 2), and 18,119 individuals completed laboratory evaluation (step 3). Anthropometric measurements followed based on standard protocols and by using calibrated instruments.ResultsIn 2021, the national prevalence of normal weight, obesity, and overweight/obesity in ≥18-year-old Iranian adults was estimated at 33.61% (95% CI: 32.99–34.23), 24.96% (24.39–25.53), and 63.02% (62.39–63.65), respectively. Compared to women, Iranian men had a lower mean BMI [25.54 (24.95–26.13 vs. 27.6 (27.07–28.12) kg/m2] (p < 0.001). There was also a significant difference in the national prevalence rate of overweight/obesity [women: 66% (61–71), men: 53% (46–60) (p < 0.001)]. The prevalence of obesity was significantly higher in participants suffering from metabolic and lifestyle risk factors. The study of the geographical extent of obesity and overweight shows that compared to national levels, the highest prevalence of being underweight was seen in the southeastern provinces. On the other hand, the highest prevalence of obesity belonged to the northeastern and central provinces. The highest provincial prevalence of obesity was almost 2.5-fold higher than the lowest provincial prevalence.ConclusionThe study reveals a significant difference between the prevalence of obesity in male and female participants and between different regions of the country. These findings will help policymakers, clinicians, and researchers to more accurately estimate the obesity/overweight problem and to implement more effective interventional programs to promote strategies of prevention and control of weight gain.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The levels of BMI and patterns of obesity and overweight during the COVID-19 pandemic: Experience from the Iran STEPs 2021 survey

et al. 2022

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“…It is suggested that more extensive studies be conducted to investigate the association between PNPLA3 rs738409 polymorphism and NAFLD in the Iranian population. Furthermore, according to the study conducted by Djalalinia et al in Iran in 2021 (48), the average BMI for women and men was considered to be 27.9 (27.2-28.7) kg/m² and 25.9 (25.2-26.5) kg/m², respectively. Additionally, the study demonstrated an increasing trend in BMI in the Iranian population (48).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, according to the study conducted by Djalalinia et al in Iran in 2021 (48), the average BMI for women and men was considered to be 27.9 (27.2-28.7) kg/m² and 25.9 (25.2-26.5) kg/m², respectively. Additionally, the study demonstrated an increasing trend in BMI in the Iranian population (48). Accordingly, the other limitation of our study was less frequency of individuals with a BMI less than 18.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Silico and In Vitro Analyses of PNPLA3 rs738409 C>G Polymorphism in Patients With Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

et al. 2022

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Background: The polymorphism associated with liver fat content, which is well-known as PNPLA3 rs738409 (Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3), is one of the critical subjects widely investigated in the literature regarding the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) worldwide. The present research aimed to study the bioinformatics investigations of this polymorphism together with the in vitro analyses among patients with NAFLD. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, after performing bioinformatics analysis, the laboratory examination was performed in several steps. Genomic DNA was extracted from the blood of 53 NAFLD patients and 107 subjects with normal liver ultrasounds. PNPLA3 rs738409 was genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The laboratory test results, including fasting blood sugar, triglyceride, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase were collected from medical records. Finally, statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, version 18.0. Results: The frequency of the G allele was 56% and 36% among patients and in the control group, respectively. The frequency of genotypes was 35.8% and 47.7% (CC), 17% and 31.8% (CG), 47.2% and 20.6% (GG) in patients and control groups, respectively. The adjusted odds ratios for PNPLA3 rs738409 C>G were 3.0 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.28-6.98, P=.011) and 0.68 (95% CI: 0.25- 1.83, P = .44) for GG and CG genotypes, respectively. Conclusion: The findings showed the association between the GG genotype and the presence of NAFLD. Furthermore, the bioinformatics findings suggested the probable risk of the disease incidence regarding the change of hydropathic characteristics resulting from the amino acid substitution.

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“…3 In developing countries like Iran, the burden of obesity increases in line with comorbid diseases. 4 Excess body weight is a predisposing factor for several diseases including diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, cancers, and all-cause mortality. 5 Obesity as defined by body mass index (BMI) has a protective effect on health and reduces all-cause mortality.…”

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confidence: 99%

Is There a Relationship Between Vascularity and Echogenicity of Thyroid Lobes in Ultrasonography With BMI? A Large Retrospective Cohort Study

Sobhani

Kalantari

Zakavi

et al. 2022

Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography

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Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between sonographic vascularity and echogenicity of the thyroid lobes, compared with a participant’s body mass index (BMI). Materials and Methods: A total of 3722 participations, with varied BMI, were included in the study. For all the participants, the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was measured, as well as thyroid volume, sonographic echogenicity, and vascularity were recorded. A multiple regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between the sonographic vascularity and echogenicity, of thyroid lobes, compared with the participants’ BMI. Results: The serum TSH values were significantly higher in patients with a BMI > 25 kg/m². The sonographic vascularity and volume of thyroid lobes were positively correlated the participants’ BMI ( P < .005). Sonographic heterogenicity of the left thyroid lobe, right thyroid lobe, and the isthmus were positively associated with BMI ( P < .005). However, the hyper/hypoechogenicity did not demonstrate any significant correlation with BMI ( P > .005). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it was concluded that thyroid volumes may have a significant positive relationship with BMI. In overweight participants (i.e., BMI more than 25), thyroid echogenicity was more heterogeneous and their thyroid lobes were more hypovascular.

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Levels and Trends of BMI, Obesity, and Overweight at National and Sub-national Levels in Iran from 1990 to 2016; A Comprehensive Pooled Analysis of Half a Million Individuals

Cited by 24 publications

References 30 publications

The levels of BMI and patterns of obesity and overweight during the COVID-19 pandemic: Experience from the Iran STEPs 2021 survey

The levels of BMI and patterns of obesity and overweight during the COVID-19 pandemic: Experience from the Iran STEPs 2021 survey

In Silico and In Vitro Analyses of PNPLA3 rs738409 C>G Polymorphism in Patients With Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Is There a Relationship Between Vascularity and Echogenicity of Thyroid Lobes in Ultrasonography With BMI? A Large Retrospective Cohort Study

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