The levels of BMI and patterns of obesity and overweight during the COVID-19 pandemic: Experience from the Iran STEPs 2021 survey

Djalalinia, Shirin; Yoosefi, Moein; Shahin, Sarvenaz; Ghasemi, Erfan; Rezaei, Nazila; Ahmadi, Naser; Rezaei, Negar; Azmin, Mehrdad; Rezaei, Shahabeddin; Nasserinejad, Maryam; Mohammadi, Esmaeil; Haghshenas, Rosa; Shabestari, Alireza Namazi; Jamshidi, Hamidreza; Dastjerdi, Marziyeh Vahid; Larijani, Bagher; Farzadfar, Farshad

doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1043894

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…The identification of modifiable risk factors that contribute to dyslipidemia emphasizes the need for comprehensive lifestyle interventions. The study results highlight the urgent need to modify the overweight/obesity trend as the condition with the highest association with dyslipidemia and 63% prevalence in the over 18 years-old Iranian population 24 . There are effective and cost-efficient interventions recommended by WHO for the prevention and control of NCDs and modifying dietary risk factors of obesity and dyslipidemia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

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Prevalence of plasma lipid abnormalities and associated risk factors among Iranian adults based on the findings from STEPs survey 2021

Khanali,

Ghasemi,

Rashidi

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of lipid abnormalities in Iranian adults by demographic characterization, geographical distribution, and associated risk factors using national and sub-national representative samples of the STEPs 2021 survey in Iran. In this population-based household survey, a total of 18,119 individuals aged over 25 years provided blood samples for biochemical analysis. Dyslipidemia was defined by the presence of at least one of the lipid abnormalities of hypertriglyceridemia (≥ 150 mg/dL), hypercholesterolemia (≥ 200 mg/dL), high LDL-C (≥ 130 mg/dL), and low HDL-C (< 50 mg/dL in women, < 40 mg/dL in men), or self-reported use of lipid-lowering medications. Mixed dyslipidemia was characterized as the coexistence of high LDL-C with at least one of the hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-C. The prevalence of each lipid abnormality was determined by each population strata, and the determinants of abnormal lipid levels were identified using a multiple logistic regression model. The prevalence was 39.7% for hypertriglyceridemia, 21.2% for hypercholesterolemia, 16.4% for high LDL-C, 68.4% for low HDL-C, and 81.0% for dyslipidemia. Hypercholesterolemia and low HDL-C were more prevalent in women, and hypertriglyceridemia was more prevalent in men. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was higher in women (OR = 1.8), obese (OR = 2.8) and overweight (OR = 2.3) persons, those residents in urban areas (OR = 1.1), those with inappropriate physical activity (OR = 1.2), patients with diabetes (OR = 2.7) and hypertension (OR = 1.9), and participants with a history (OR = 1.6) or familial history of CVDs (OR = 1.2). Mixed dyslipidemia prevalence was 13.6% in women and 11.4% in men (P < 0.05). The prevalence of lipid abnormalities was highly heterogeneous among provinces, and East Azarbaijan with 85.3% (81.5–89.1) and Golestan with 68.5% (64.8–72.2) had the highest and lowest prevalence of dyslipidemia, respectively. Although the prevalence of high cholesterol and LDL-C had a descending trend in the 2016–2021 period, the prevalence of dyslipidemia remained unchanged. There are modifiable risk factors associated with dyslipidemia that can be targeted by the primary healthcare system. To modify these risk factors and promote metabolic health in the country, action plans should come to action through a multi-sectoral and collaborative approach.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Inappropriate physical activity was reported in 51.3% of the Iranian adult population 23 . Obesity also has considerably increased in recent decades, and STEPs 2021 reported overweight/obesity in 63% of the adult population 24 . This study showed obese persons are 2.8 times more at risk for dyslipidemia than normal-weight adults.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of plasma lipid abnormalities and associated risk factors among Iranian adults based on the findings from STEPs survey 2021

Khanali,

Ghasemi,

Rashidi

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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“…In addition, the mentioned study found a geographical pattern at the subnational level of Iran, where the level of BMI increased among the population from the southeastern to the northwestern regions ( 30 ). Furthermore, according to the recently published results of Iran STEPS Survey 2021, the national prevalence of normal weight, obesity, and overweight/obesity in Iranian adults was estimated at about 33.61, 24.96, and 63.02%, respectively ( 31 , 32 ). The recent results from NASBOD on obesity showed that, from 1990 to 2016 the mean BMI, and the age-standardized prevalence of overweight has increased ( 33 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic risk factors attributed burden in Iran at national and subnational levels, 1990 to 2019

Moradi¹,

Nasri²,

Moghaddam³

et al. 2023

Front. Public Health

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IntroductionMetabolic risk factors (MRFs) predispose populations to a variety of chronic diseases with a huge burden globally. With the increasing burden of these risk factors in Iran, in this study, we aimed to report the estimated burden attributed to MRFs at national and subnational scales in Iran, from 1990 to 2019.MethodsBased on the comparative risk assessment method of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019, data of deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to four top MRFs in Iran including high systolic blood pressure (SBP), high fasting plasma glucose (FPG), high body mass index (BMI), and high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) for the 1990–2019 period, were extracted. The socio-demographic index (SDI) was used to report the data based on the corresponding socio-economic stratifications. The results were reported in national and subnational 31 provinces of Iran to discover disparities regarding the attributable burden to MRFs. Furthermore, we reported the causes of diseases to which the attributable burden to MRFs was related.ResultsOverall, the age-standardized high LDL, high SBP, high BMI, and high FPG-attributed death rate changed by −45.1, −35.6, +2.8, and +19.9% from 1990 to 2019, respectively. High SBP was the leading risk factor regarding attributed age-standardized death rates reaching 157.8 (95% uncertainty interval: 135.3–179.1) and DALY rates reaching 2973.4 (2652.2–3280.2) per 100,000 person-years, in 2019. All rates increased with aging, and men had higher rates except for the +70 years age group. At the subnational level, provinces in the middle SDI quintile had the highest death and DALY rates regarding all four MRFs. Total deaths, DALYs, YLLs and YLDs number by the causes of diseases linked to MRFs increased over the study period. Cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and kidney diseases were the main causes of burden of disease attributable to MRFs.ConclusionHerein, we found divergent patterns regarding the burden of MRFs as well as disparities in different regions, sex, and age groups for each risk factor and related causes. This could provide policymakers with a clearer vision toward more appropriate decision-making and resource allocation to prevent the burden of MRFs in Iran.

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“…Consistently with this finding, Lancaster [34] found an association between living with a spouse or partner and overweight/obesity in both men and women but with a stronger association for women. Another study [35] showed that the nevermarried population had the lowest prevalence of overweight and obesity when compared to those married, divorced, and widowed. Thus, the association of the marital status with overweight/obesity can be explained mainly by the increase in moments that encourage the regular consumption of meals, in addition to larger portions, resulting in greater energy intake, as well as a decrease in physical activity and a decrease in the desire to maintain bodyweight to attract a partner [36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Cooking Skills Are Associated with Overweight and Obesity in Undergraduates

et al. 2023

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Culinary skills are defined as the confidence, attitude, and the application of one’s individual knowledge in performing culinary tasks, and their development may be associated with better diet quality and better health status. This study aimed to analyze the association between cooking skills, overweight, and obesity in undergraduates. This is a descriptive, observational, and cross-sectional study, with data collected between October 2020 and March 2021, with undergraduate students (n = 823) at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte. Participants answered the online Brazilian Cooking Skills and Healthy Eating Questionnaire Evaluation, BCSQ, which included socioeconomic information. Logistic regressions were used to assess the associations of cooking skills with overweight and obesity. From the total of the students, 70.8% were female, with a median age of 23 (21–30) years; 43.6% were with overweight or obesity; 48.8% were eutrophic; and 7.7% underweight. Overweight and obesity were significantly associated with low levels of culinary self-efficacy and self-efficacy in the use of fruits, vegetables, and seasonings in the bivariate analysis. The logistic regressions showed that living with other people and eating out were associated with higher chances of overweight and obesity. Sharing the responsibility for preparing meals and a high self-efficacy in the use of fruits, vegetables, and seasonings were associated with lower chances for overweight/obesity. Overall, our study showed that overweight and obesity were associated with lower cooking skills in the studied undergraduates. Therefore, the study demonstrates that culinary skills can be explored in educational programs that aim to reduce overweight/obesity in students.

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The levels of BMI and patterns of obesity and overweight during the COVID-19 pandemic: Experience from the Iran STEPs 2021 survey

Cited by 8 publications

References 23 publications

Prevalence of plasma lipid abnormalities and associated risk factors among Iranian adults based on the findings from STEPs survey 2021

Prevalence of plasma lipid abnormalities and associated risk factors among Iranian adults based on the findings from STEPs survey 2021

Metabolic risk factors attributed burden in Iran at national and subnational levels, 1990 to 2019

Low Cooking Skills Are Associated with Overweight and Obesity in Undergraduates

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