Levels of 26 elements in infant formula from USA, UK, and Nigeria by microwave digestion and ICP–OES

Ikem, Abua; Nwankwoala, Alwell; Odueyungbo, Seyi; Nyavor, Kafui; Egiebor, Nosa O.

doi:10.1016/s0308-8146(01)00378-8

Cited by 122 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…These levels are in agreement with those found by other American and European researchers , Fernández-Lorenzo et al 1999, Hawkins et al 1994, Coni et al 1993, Ikem et al 2002.…”

Section: [Insert Table 4 About Here]supporting

confidence: 93%

“…As previous studies have reported , Baxter et al 1991, Simmer et al 1990, Bloodworth et al 1991, Ikem et al 2002, Dabeka and Mckenzie 1990, the lower aluminium values were detected in milk based formulae, to be more specific in this study, in starter formulae (adapted, 196 ± 152 g l -1 and non adapted 231 ± 128 g l -1 ) and follow-up formulae (272 ± 189 g l -1 ). These levels are in agreement with those found by other American and European researchers , Fernández-Lorenzo et al 1999, Hawkins et al 1994, Coni et al 1993, Ikem et al 2002.…”

Section: [Insert Table 4 About Here]supporting

confidence: 70%

“…Considering the 14 pairs of infant formulae with both commercially available formulae (powder and liquid forms), the aluminium content did not differ significantly (p = 0.060, Wilcoxon's test) between powder and liquid data groups, although the aluminium content in ready-to-use formulae had a tendency to be lower than in powder formulae, as in recent studies (Ikem et al 2002) and in contrast to earlier findings (Gruskin 1991).…”

Section: [Insert Table 4 About Here]contrasting

confidence: 50%

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Aluminium content of Spanish infant formula

Navarro-Blasco

Álvarez

2003

Food Additives and Contaminants

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“…These levels are in agreement with those found by other American and European researchers , Fernández-Lorenzo et al 1999, Hawkins et al 1994, Coni et al 1993, Ikem et al 2002.…”

Section: [Insert Table 4 About Here]supporting

confidence: 93%

Section: [Insert Table 4 About Here]supporting

confidence: 70%

Section: [Insert Table 4 About Here]contrasting

confidence: 50%

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Aluminium content of Spanish infant formula

Navarro-Blasco

Álvarez

2003

Food Additives and Contaminants

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“…The range of lead determined agrees reasonably well with most literature values (Ikem et al 2002, Moreno-Rojas 2002, Tripathi et al 1999, Rodríguez et al 1999, Biego et al 1998, Krachler et al 1998, Ursinyova and Hladikova 1997, Esteve et al 1994, Dabeka 1989, Dabeka and Mckenzie 1987,1988.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Lead levels in retail samples of Spanish infant formulae and their contribution to dietary intake of infants

Navarro-Blasco

Álvarez²

2005

Food Additives and Contaminants

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Lead concentrations in a total of 82 different types of infant formulae (cow's milk and soy based) marked in Spain were analysed by acid-microwave decomposition and anodic stripping voltammetry. Dietary lead intake from infant formula and tap water used for powder formula reconstitution were estimated in comparison with the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI). Additionally, the influence of physical state (powder and ready to use formulae), the type of container used and the impact of industrial process from different manufacturers on lead levels were evaluated. According to our results, lead exposure from drinking water was negligible with respect to formulae investigated; where soya formulae contributed the highest intake (58 -73 % PTWI), non adapted starter and specialised formulae gave an moderate intake (31 -42 and 26 -37 % PTWI, respectively) and, finally, pre-term, adapted starter and follow up formulae provided the lowest lead intake (22)(23)(24)(25)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26) respectively). Based on the current state of knowledge about lead toxicity, manufacturers are called to make an additional effort in order to keep a maximum lead level at 20 g l -1 for all infant formulae, although it is recommendable that these formulations supply the upper limit (5 g l -1 ) of "normal" human milk.

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“…16 Chemical vapor generation atomic absorption spectrometry may also be a choice for those elements that are able to form volatile species, such as As and Se, in the hydride generation technique. However, in those cases where a large number of elements are to be determined, multielemental techniques, such as inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) 17 or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) 18 are preferred, if available. In the present study, F AAS and GF AAS were the techniques of choice, since three elements were investigated.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron, copper and zinc in substitute foods for maternal milk: comparison with infant nutritional requirements

Moraes

Feijo

Melo

et al. 2009

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Este estudo objetivou investigar os teores de ferro, cobre e zinco de fórmulas infantis para lactentes e leites em pó, disponíveis no mercado, realizando uma análise comparativa entre os teores encontrados, a ingestão diária recomendada (IDR) e a ingestão diária máxima tolerável (IDMT). A determinação dos elementos traço foi realizada por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica. Os teores de ferro, cobre e zinco variaram em uma ampla faixa, dependendo do produto, apresentando-se algumas vezes abaixo da IDR (ferro) e outras acima (zinco), ultrapassando o IDMT, o que compromete o uso confiável destes alimentos a longo prazo, principalmente em dietas monótonas.This study aimed to investigate iron, copper and zinc contents in baby formulas for lactents and powdered milk, conducting a comparative analysis between the observed values, the dietary reference intake (DRI) and the tolerable upper intake level (UL). The determination of these trace elements was performed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Iron, copper and zinc values varied in a wide concentration range, depending on the product. They were sometimes below the DRI (iron) and sometimes above it (zinc), surpassing the UL, compromising the reliable use of these food products in the long run, especially in monotonous diets.Keywords: trace elements, baby formulas for lactents, powdered milk, infant requirements, atomic spectrometry IntroductionExclusive maternal feeding until the child is six months old, and from then on, the inclusion of complementary foods in the child's diet available in the family unit is the procedure recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for children worldwide. 1 This recommendation is based on the knowledge that, until the child is six months old, exclusive feeding on maternal milk is enough to satisfy the child's nutritional requirements, besides favoring protection against diseases. 2 After this age, the inclusion of complementary foods in the child's feeding schedule aims, mainly, to elevate energy and micronutrient quotas, maintaining breast feeding until the child is 12 or 24 months old. [1][2][3] There is evidence that weaning is intense and occurs very precociously. 4 The introduction of complementary food ingestion happens very early in the child's life, and these foods are offered in insufficient quantities to reach nutritional requirements, especially micronutrient requirements. 1 Studies point out that the early offer of milks and baby formulas for lactents are predictors of early weaning. 2 Inadequate complementary food is a major cause of the high prevalence of malnutrition in the developing world. 5 It is observed that, although greater intakes of complementary foods are associated with higher total energy intake, micronutrient intake remains low due to the low micronutrient concentration of these complementary foods. 6 Minerals are micronutrients with an important role in childhood growth and development. 7 Iron, copper and zinc are necessary in daily amounts much lower than 100 mg, Moraes et al. 1725 Vol. 20...

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Levels of 26 elements in infant formula from USA, UK, and Nigeria by microwave digestion and ICP–OES

Cited by 122 publications

References 31 publications

Aluminium content of Spanish infant formula

Aluminium content of Spanish infant formula

Lead levels in retail samples of Spanish infant formulae and their contribution to dietary intake of infants

Iron, copper and zinc in substitute foods for maternal milk: comparison with infant nutritional requirements

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