Levels, potential sources and human health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in particulate matter (PM10) in Kumasi, Ghana

Bortey-Sam, Nesta; Ikenaka, Yoshinori; Akoto, Osei; Nakayama, Shouta M.M.; Yohannes, Yared Beyene; Baidoo, Elvis; Mizukawa, Hazuki; Ishizuka, Mayumi

doi:10.1007/s11356-014-4022-1

Cited by 59 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…In this study, positive matrix factorization (PMF, Paatero et al, 1997) was used to determine sources of organics PM 2.5 measured in both the personal-level and ambient samples, aiding the assessment of the intervention effects. Additionally, to our knowledge, organics speciation of PM 2.5 has not been performed in West Africa, although Bortey-Sam et al (2015) did collect and speciate a few organic compounds in PM 10 samples in two sites near Kumasi, the largest city in Ghana, about 500km South of Navrongo. The use of organics here allows us to provide better context to past results by using different tracer species specific to sources (Cass, 1998;Schauer et al, 1996).…”

Section: Relevant Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposures to and origins of carbonaceous PM2.5 in a cookstove intervention in Northern Ghana

Piedrahita¹,

Kanyomse²,

Coffey³

et al. 2017

Science of The Total Environment

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REACCTING (Research on Emissions Air Quality, Climate, and Cooking Technologies in Northern Ghana) was a 200-home cookstove intervention study from 2013 to 2015. Study households were divided into four groups: a control group, a group given two locally made rocket stoves, a group given two Philips forced draft stoves, and a group given a locally made rocket stove and a Philips stove. In a subset of study households, 48-hour PM exposure samples were collected for adults and children, as well as in the primary cooking area. Further, weekly ambient background PM samples were collected for the first nine months of the study. All PM samples were analyzed for elemental and organic carbon (EC/OC), and a subset was also analyzed for organics. Mixed effects modeling was applied to quantify differences in PM exposures between the groups and to assess relationships between exposures and cooking area measurements. Results showed that personal OC exposure for the intervention groups was 56.6% lower than the control group (p≤0.01). Both intervention groups given Philips stoves had significantly lower EC exposure than the control group (60.6% reduction, p≤0.02). Only weak relationships were found between personal and cooking area EC or OC. Source apportionment modeling was performed on both the personal/microenvironment and the ambient organics PM data sets to assess the sources of the observed PM. We identified six PM sources. The identified source factors were similar among the data sets, as well as with previous work in Navrongo. Two sources, one characterized by the presence of methoxyphenols, and one by the presence of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and EC, were associated with biomass burning, and accounted for a median of 9.2% of OC and 15.3% of EC personal exposure. Here, we demonstrate the utility of using the cooking-related source apportionment factors within a mixed effects model for more precise estimation of exposures due to cooking, rather than other combustion sources unrelated to the intervention.

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Section: Relevant Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposures to and origins of carbonaceous PM2.5 in a cookstove intervention in Northern Ghana

Piedrahita¹,

Kanyomse²,

Coffey³

et al. 2017

Science of The Total Environment

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“…The few studies that has characterized PACs in street dusts, PM, and soils from urban areas of sub-Saharan African Countries have concentrated on PAHs (mostly US-EPA PAH) (Ayi-Fanou et al, 2011;Dieme et al, 2012;Cachon et al, 2014;Botey-Sam et al, 2014;Bortey-Sam et al, 2015) and hence do not fully characterize the range of toxicologically relevant PACs (Bandowe et al, 2014 a,b,c;Andersson and Achten, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kumasi(Sam-Bortey et al, 2014;Sam-Bortey et al, 2015). We therefore calculated the enrichment in concentrations of PAHs in street dusts relative to the concentrations in background soils (as reported in Bortey-Sam et al, 2014) from Kumasi.…”

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confidence: 99%

Occurrence, distribution and health risk from polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs, oxygenated-PAHs and azaarenes) in street dust from a major West African Metropolis

Bandowe

Nkansah

2016

Science of The Total Environment

104

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Scientific evidence suggests that the burden of disease on urban residents of sub-Saharan African Countries is increasing, partly as a result of exposure to elevated concentrations of toxic environmental chemicals. However, characterization of the levels, composition pattern and sources of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in environmental samples from African cities is still lacking. This study measured the PAHs, oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs) and azaarene (AZAs) content of street dusts collected from Kumasi, Ghana (a major metropolis located in the tropical forest zone of West Africa). The ∑Alkyl+parent-PAHs, ∑OPAHs and ∑AZAs concentration in street dust averaged 2570 ng g(-1) (range: 181-7600 ng g(-1)), 833 ng g(-1) (57-4200 ng g(-1)) and 73 ng g(-1) (3.3-240 ng g(-1)), respectively. The concentrations of ∑Alkyl+parent-PAHs were strongly correlated (n=25) with ∑OPAHs (r=0.96, p<0.01) and ∑AZAs (r=0.94, p<0.01). The ∑OPAHs concentrations were also strongly correlated with ∑AZAs (r=0.91, p<0.01). Concentrations of individual PAHs in these street dusts were enriched at between 12 and 836 compared to their average concentrations in background soils from same city, demonstrating the high influence of traffic emissions. Several individual OPAHs and AZAs had higher concentrations than their related and often monitored parent-PAHs. The estimated incremental lifetime cancer risks due to the parent-PAHs in street dusts was >10(-6) indicating high risk of contracting cancer from exposure to street dust from Kumasi. The contribution of OPAHs, AZAs, and alkyl-PAHs in street dust to cancer risk could not be quantified because of lack of toxicity equivalency factors for these compounds; however this could be significant because of their high concentration and known higher toxicity of some polar PACs and alkyl-PAHs than their related parent-PAHs.

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“…Although most of the evidence linking air pollution and health problems was obtained in developing nations, similar effects are expected in Africa ( WHO 2014 ). Additionally, poor outdoor air quality is prevalent in major African cities ( Bortey-Sam et al 2015 ; Vidal 2016 ).…”

Section: Human Edc Exposures In Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

Endocrine Disruptors and Health Effects in Africa: A Call for Action

Bornman

Aneck-Hahn

Jager

et al. 2017

Environ Health Perspect

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Background:Africa faces a number of unique environmental challenges. Unfortunately, it lacks the infrastructure needed to support the comprehensive environmental studies that could provide the scientific basis to inform environmental policies. There are a number of known sources of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and other hazardous chemicals in Africa. However, a coordinated approach to identify and monitor these contaminants and to develop strategies for public health interventions has not yet been made.Objectives:This commentary summarizes the scientific evidence presented by experts at the First African Endocrine Disruptors meeting. We describe a “call to action” to utilize the available scientific knowledge to address the impact of EDCs on human and wildlife health in Africa.Discussion:We identify existing knowledge gaps about exposures to EDCs in Africa and describe how well-designed research strategies are needed to address these gaps. A lack of resources for research and a lag in policy implementation slows down intervention strategies and poses a challenge to advancing future health in Africa.Conclusion:To address the many challenges posed by EDCs, we argue that Africans should take the lead in prioritization and evaluation of environmental hazards, including EDCs. We recommend the institution of education and training programs for chemical users, adoption of the precautionary principle, establishment of biomonitoring programs, and funding of community-based epidemiology and wildlife research programs led and funded by African institutes and private companies. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1774

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Levels, potential sources and human health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in particulate matter (PM10) in Kumasi, Ghana

Abstract: 24Airborne particulate samples were collected on quartz filters to determine the concentrations, 25 sources and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air in Kumasi, Ghana. A 26 total of thirty two air samples were collected in Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and 27

Cited by 59 publications

References 51 publications

Exposures to and origins of carbonaceous PM2.5 in a cookstove intervention in Northern Ghana

Exposures to and origins of carbonaceous PM2.5 in a cookstove intervention in Northern Ghana

Occurrence, distribution and health risk from polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs, oxygenated-PAHs and azaarenes) in street dust from a major West African Metropolis

Endocrine Disruptors and Health Effects in Africa: A Call for Action

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