Levulinic acid: perspectives of its biobased production and most promising derivatives

Silva, Julio A. Conti; Grilo, Luan Moreira; Vasconcelos, Marcelo Holanda; Lacerda, Talita M.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823531-7.00002-0

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…The depletion of fossil fuels and growing concerns on environmental impact necessitate the production of alternative fuels and fine chemicals. , Therefore, new synthetic routes and technologies should be developed to produce environmentally friendly, biodegradable, renewable, low-toxicity, and safe fuels and chemicals from renewable feedstocks. Levulinic acid (LA), which is among the top 12 biobased building blocks for synthesizing various compounds of industrial demand, is typically manufactured from lignocellulosic biomass. − LA can be obtained through (1) hydrolysis of cellulose to fructose or isomerization of glucose to fructose, (2) dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxylmethyl furfural (5-HMF), and (3) hydrolysis of 5-HMF to LA . Alkyl levulinates (ALs), the downstream derivatives of LA, have wide applications as flavoring agents and precursors in pharmaceuticals, solvents, and plasticizers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Porous Organic Polymer Catalyst with Phosphate and Sulfonic Acid Sites for Facile Esterification of Levulinic Acid

Kim,

Ravi,

Kim

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Biomass-derived value-added materials such as levulinic acid (LA) are favorable natural resources for producing esterbased biolubricants owing to their biodegradability, nontoxicity, and excellent metal-adhering properties. However, highly active catalysts must be developed to carry out efficient esterification of LA with aliphatic alcohols, especially long-chain aliphatic alcohols. In this study, we developed a novel porous covalent organic polymer catalyst (BPOP-SO 3 H) with dual acid sites, phosphate and sulfonic acid sites, for the esterification of LA. The prepared BPOP-SO 3 H catalyst was verified using various surface analysis techniques. BPOP-SO 3 H exhibited 98% LA conversion with n-butanol and 99% selectivity for butyl levulinate ester within 30 min, which is superior to that of most reported catalysts. BPOP-SO 3 H also showed high LA conversion and ester selectivity when other aliphatic alcohols were used. Moreover, BPOP-SO 3 H showed good recyclability for five consecutive cycles. We believe that incorporating a high density of acid sites into a porous polymer with a large surface area and hierarchical pores is a promising approach for developing heterogeneous acid catalysts for the production of alkyl levulinate esters from LA.

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