Lexical Predictability Exerts Robust Effects on Fixation Duration, but not on Initial Landing Position During Reading

Vainio, Seppo; Hyönä, Jukka; Pajunen, Anneli

doi:10.1027/1618-3169.56.1.66

Cited by 37 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…As noted in the Introduction there is evidence (Inhoff & Wu, 2005) that Chinese characters within the perceptual span are free to combine with each other to form words. Thus, this kind modulation may be more characteristic in Chinese than in alphabetic scripts, where even a strong lexical constraint across two words cannot produce a parafoveal-on-foveal effect (see the Finnish study of Vainio, Hyönä, & Pajunen, 2009 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Processing of compound-word characters in reading Chinese: An eye-movement-contingent display change study

Cui

Yan

Bai

et al. 2013

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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Readers' eye movements were monitored as they read Chinese two-constituent compound words in sentence contexts. The first compound-word constituent was either an infrequent character with a highly predictable second constituent or a frequent character with an unpredictable second constituent. The parafoveal preview of the second constituent was manipulated, with four preview conditions: identical to the correct form; a semantically related character to the second constituent; a semantically unrelated character to the second constituent; and a pseudocharacter. An invisible boundary was set between the two constituents; when the eyes moved across the boundary, the previewed character was changed to its intended form. The main findings were that preview effects occurred for the second constituent of the compound word. Providing an incorrect preview of the second constituent affected fixations on the first constituent, but only when the second constituent was predictable from the first. The frequency of the initial character of the compound constrained the identity of the second character, and this in turn modulated the extent to which the semantic characteristics of the preview influenced processing of the second constituent and the compound word as a whole. The results are considered in relation to current accounts of Chinese compound-word recognition and the constraint hypothesis of Hyönä, Bertram, and Pollatsek ( 2004 ). We conclude that word identification in Chinese is flexible, and parafoveal processing of upcoming characters is influenced both by the characteristics of the fixated character and by its relationship with the characters in the parafovea.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Processing of compound-word characters in reading Chinese: An eye-movement-contingent display change study

Cui

Yan

Bai

et al. 2013

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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“…Given that the fixation of the eye is triggered by attention shifts and that novel information is obtained only during the fixation (Rayner, 2009), many recent studies have used the eye fixations as a measure of the amount of attention paid (e.g., Godfroid, Boers, & Housen, 2013;Godfroid & Uggen, 2013;Rayner, 2009) and demonstrated a significant positive correlation between moment-tomoment attention and the eye fixation duration (Chaffin, Morris, & Seely, 2001;Vainio, Hyönä, & Pajunen, 2009). For instance, employed the eye tracker to test whether an increase in attention increases lexical knowledge and employed the fixation duration as a measure of the amount of attention paid.…”

Section: Present Studymentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of seductive details evidenced by gaze duration

Chang

Choi

2014

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

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According to a meta-analysis of empirical studies, seductive details such as emotionally interesting text segments and attention-grabbing pictures have significant negative effects on the reader's recall, reading comprehension, and learning of important textual information. This study investigates the negative effects of seductive details on recall of main ideas and reading comprehension by using an eye-tracking technique. In the experiment, a total of 56 undergraduate students read a block of expository text with seductive details, and the spatial and temporal distribution of attention was measured by gaze duration and recorded by an eye tracker. Then recall and reading comprehension tests were employed. Two multiple regression analyses were conducted to investigate the relationship between attention allocation and reading performance. The results indicate that increased attention to seductive sentences, not to seductive pictures, was a major determinant of poor performance in terms of both recall and reading comprehension, suggesting that increased attentional allocation to seductive sentences may hinder information retrieval and produce a less coherent mental representation of given text.

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“…4 Readers would not be able to make these saccades systematically without the ability to obtain parafoveal information about the word they intend to fixate next. Interestingly, although word predictability influences fixation time on a word and word skipping probability, it does not influence where in a word the eyes land (Rayner, Binder, Ashby, & Pollatsek, 2001;Vainio, Hyönä, & Pajunen, 2009). There is one important exception that suggests that spacing or word length information may be less important than the previous studies suggest-namely, the existence of unspaced orthographies, such as Chinese.…”

Section: Moving-window/moving-mask Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parafoveal processing in reading

Schotter

Angele

Rayner

2011

Atten Percept Psychophys

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459

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The present review summarizes research investigating how words are identified parafoveally (and foveally) in reading. Parafoveal and foveal processing are compared when no other concurrent task is required (e.g., in singleword recognition tasks) and when both are required simultaneously (e.g., during reading). We first review methodologies used to study parafoveal processing (e.g., corpus analyses and experimental manipulations, including gaze-contingent display change experiments such as the boundary, moving window, moving mask, and fast priming paradigms). We then turn to a discussion of the levels of representation at which words are processed (e.g., orthographic, phonological, morphological, lexical, syntactic, and semantic). Next, we review relevant research regarding parafoveal processing, summarizing the extent to which words are processed at each of those levels of representation. We then review some of the most controversial aspects of parafoveal processing, as they relate to reading: (1) word skipping, (2) parafoveal-on-foveal effects, and (3) n + 1 and n + 2 preview benefit effects. Finally, we summarize two of the most advanced models of eye movements during reading and how they address foveal and parafoveal processing.

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Lexical Predictability Exerts Robust Effects on Fixation Duration, but not on Initial Landing Position During Reading

Cited by 37 publications

References 49 publications

Processing of compound-word characters in reading Chinese: An eye-movement-contingent display change study

Processing of compound-word characters in reading Chinese: An eye-movement-contingent display change study

Effects of seductive details evidenced by gaze duration

Parafoveal processing in reading

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