Lezi zilimi zifakazelwe e-Afrika

Abstract

While most linguists agree that code-switching is rule-governed, the issue has often been raised whether a bilingual speaker has internalized one, two, or three grammars; and whether the rules that govern the code-switching (CS) of the grammars in contact, say G(rammar)l and G(rammar)2, are drawn from GI, from G2, from both GI and G2, or from a third grammar, say G(rammar)3, which is sometimes called the 'bilingual's grammar' or 'super grammar'. Drawing on code-switching in EnglisMFrench with selected African languages and on insights from neurolinguistic studies of bilingual aphasics, I argue that though CS is a product of the interaction between the participating grammars, in the African context it is governed mainly by the morphosyntactic structure rules of the matrix language, that is, the African language with which English/ French is code-switched. Therefore, there is no need to posit a third grammar, a bilingual's grammar, from which codeswitching is generated.Lezi zilimi zifakazelwe e-Afrika. Iningi IeZazi zezilimi zivumelana ngokuthi ukuxutshwa kwezilimi kulawulwa ngumthetho othile, udaba olusematheni wumbuzo wokuthi umuntu okhuluma izilimi ezimbaxa zihlanganisa uhlelo olulodwa, izinhlelo ezimbili noma ezintathu; nokuthi ngabe le mithetho elawula ukuxutshwa kwezilimi zezinhlelo ezithintanayo, njengokuthi uhlelo 1 (GI) nohlelo 2 (G2) zisuselwe kuhlelo 1, uhlelo 2, zombili izinhlelo u-1 no-2, noma ohlelweni Iwesithathu, njengokuthi uhlelo 3, ngesinye isikhathi olwaziwa ngokuthi yi-bilingual's grammar noma uhlelo lwezilimi ezimbaxa noma uhlelo oluphakeme kunezinye (super grammar). Uma kubukwa ukuxutshwa kwezilimi zesiNgisi nesiFulentshi nezomdabu ezikhethiwe kanye nolwazinzulu olutholakala ezifundweni eziphathelene ne-neurolinguistic. Umbono wami ukuthi noma ukuxutshwa kwezilimi (CS) kungumphumela wokuxhumana phakathi kwezinhlelo ezincintisanayo, ngokwase Afrika kulawlwa ikakhulukazi yimithetho ye-matrix language mayelana nesakhiwo samagama kanye nokuxhumana kwamagama emishweni, okusho ukuthi, ulimi lomdabu oluxutshwa nesiNgisi kanye nesiFulentshi. Ngakho-ke, asikho isidingo sokufaka uhlelo lwesithathu, ohlelweni olumbaxambili, lapho kususelwa khona ukuxutshwa kwezilimi.

Syntactic frames and single-word code-switching: A case study of Mandarin Chinese - Norwegian bilingualism

“…It is known from other studies of single-word code-switching that words borrowed into a matrix language are practically without exception uninflected lexical items, with the inflection belonging to the matrix language (Myers-Scotton 1993Kamwangamalu 1997). Åfarli (2013) gives the pattern in (8) for the inflection of verbs in early varieties of American Norwegian, the immigrant language spoken by Norwegian immigrants to the USA and their descendants from c. 1850 and onwards.…”