“…To circumvent this problem, economists and psychologists developed recently simple techniques to measure dishonesty in total privacy. Besides reporting the outcome of a dice roll in private (e.g., Shalvi et al, 2011;Fischbacher and Föllmi-Heusi, 2013;Hao and Houser, 2013;Gächter and Schultz, 2016), they include coin flips (e.g., Bucciol and Piovesan, 2011;Houser et al, 2012;Abeler et al, 2014), reports on real-effort outcomes (e.g., Mazar et al, 2008;Rosaz and Villeval, 2012). In mind games, the experimenter knows the result of the random draw, but payment depends on the self-reported accuracy of a prior prediction (Jiang, 2013;Kajackaite and Gneezy, 2015).…”