Life cycle assessment of integrated additive–subtractive concrete 3D printing

Milling a cement-based 3D printable mortar in its green state using a ball-nosed cutter

“…A final observation is that hybrid approaches that use subtractive machining need to minimise the waste material that is generated and this will be achieved by a combination of well controlled printing, and optimised tool paths through design for manufacture principles. However, the work presented in [34] is encouraging in that it demonstrates the sustainability benefits of hybrid approaches over cast equivalents for low volume production.…”

“…Taking advantage of the plastic-solid transition of concrete to enable the use of additive and subtractive process tools on a single lighterweight robot is, therefore, commercially advantageous. Such hybrid approaches have been shown to yield benefit, particularly in low volume production for architectural elements [34]. Lindemann et al [35] and Kloft et al [36] used a rotating smoothing disk to improve the surface condition and a milling tool to trim edges of a double-curved panel manufactured using a Jetting-based, additive manufacturing process.…”

Tracing sustainable production from a degrowth and localisation perspective: A case of 3D printers

“…Also, different 3D printing technologies (Faludi et al, 2015;Kellens et al, 2017) or alternative additive and subtractive manufacturing techniques (Doran et al, 2016;Foteinopoulos et al, 2019) have been assessed. Further, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been widely applied to estimate the ecological impacts of 3D printed products throughout their life cycles (Li et al, 2017;Ma et al, 2018;Yao and Huang, 2019;Munoz et al, 2021). Potential risks of 3D printing technology related to the creation of rebound effects and waste of material and energy resources have also been identified (Giurco et al, 2014).…”

Study on the Mechanical Properties of Cast-In-Situ Phosphogypsum as Building Material for Structural Walls

“…On the one hand, a large number of new structural forms have emerged from the innovation of building structures [ 1 ]; on the other hand, breakthroughs have been made in building materials, especially in the research of composite materials, reinforced polymers and other aspects, and certain achievements have been made [ 2 , 3 ]. The technology of 3D printing has also been applied [ 4 ], and the utilization of phosphogypsum resources has been involved in the whole process [ 5 ]. China’s phosphate ore resources are mainly distributed in Hubei, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hunan and five other provinces, and it is one of the largest phosphate producing countries in the world [ 6 ].…”