Life cycle assessment of storage systems: the case study of a sodium/nickel chloride battery

Longo, Sonia; Antonucci, V.; Cellura, Maurizio; Ferraro, M.

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.10.004

Cited by 81 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…When comparing the CF results with existing literature, a fair agreement between the general results is observed. Nevertheless, all of these studies exhibit some major simplifications with high potential impact on the final results: They use generic LIBs and do not account for the different properties of electrode materials, or do not disclose how differences in E / P ratio are handled for VRFB.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

CO₂ Footprint and Life‐Cycle Costs of Electrochemical Energy Storage for Stationary Grid Applications

et al. 2017

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Batteries are considered as one of the key flexibility options for future energy storage systems. However, their production is cost‐ and greenhouse‐gas intensive and efforts are made to decrease their price and carbon footprint. We combine life‐cycle assessment, Monte‐Carlo simulation, and size optimization to determine life‐cycle costs and carbon emissions of different battery technologies in stationary applications, which are then compared by calculating a single score. Cycle life is determined as a key factor for cost and CO2 emissions. This is not only due to the required battery replacements but also due to oversizing needed for battery types with low cycle lives to reduce degradation effects. Most Li‐ion but also the NaNiCl batteries show a good performance in all assessed applications whereas lead‐acid batteries fall behind due to low cycle life and low internal efficiency. For redox‐flow batteries, a high dependence on the desired application field is pointed out.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

CO₂ Footprint and Life‐Cycle Costs of Electrochemical Energy Storage for Stationary Grid Applications

et al. 2017

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“…All of the battery types utilized in the electric vehicles are lithium ion (li-ion) batteries, and the useful lifetime for all vehicle types is assumed to be 240,000 km (150,000 miles); the identical lifetime assumptions of 240,000 km of lifetime travel for all vehicles is consistent with the literature (Burnham, 2012;Graham, 2001;Hendrickson et al, 2006;Lave and MacLean, 2002;Onat et al, 2015Onat et al, , 2014aSamaras and Meisterling, 2008). There are mainly five types of batteries used as a storage system in electric cars: nickel-metal hydride, lithium-ion, metallic lithium and sodium/nickel chloride batteries (Longo et al, 2014). Li-ion batteries are the most common battery type in electric vehicles due to them having the highest density of all rechargeable systems.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 73%

Combined application of multi-criteria optimization and life-cycle sustainability assessment for optimal distribution of alternative passenger cars in U.S.

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et al. 2016

Journal of Cleaner Production

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“…Since batteries exhibit most of their life cycle impacts during their manufacturing and possibly disposal phases [67], including the primary energy use of the module, the proposed KPIs are oriented to indirect emissions. Tabular data for the GHG emissions per kg of produced battery presented in Table 7 and Table 8 according to the findings of [68] and [69] respectively pointing that the most environmental intensive batteries in terms of their production is the lithium ion and the nickel metal hydride.…”

Section: Soh=1-degradation Total (15)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of key environmental and energy performance indicators for the case of renewable energy systems when integrated with storage solutions

et al. 2018

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During the last years a variety of numerical tools and algorithms have been developed aiming at quantifying and measuring the environmental impact of multiple types of energy systems, as those based on Renewable Energy Sources. Plenty of studies have proposed the use of a Life Cycle Assessment methodology, to determine the environmental impact of renewable installations when coupled with storage solutions, based on a pre-selected repository of Key Performance Indicators. The main scope of this paper is to propose a limited number of best fitting, and at the same time easily adaptable to various configurations, list of KPIs for the case of renewable energy systems. This is done by capitalizing on the environmental and energy performance KPIs tracked in the open literature (e.g. "Global Warming Potential", "Energy Payback Time", "Battery Total Degradation", "Energy Stored on Invested", "Cumulative Energy Demand") and/or other proposing new simple, scalable and adaptable ones, (e.g. "Embodied Energy for Infrastructure of Materials and for the building system", "Life Cycle CO2 Emissions", "Reduction of the Direct CO2 emissions", "Avoided CO2 Emissions", "CO2 equivalent Payback Time"). Moreover, the proposed KPIs are distributed according to the individual phases of the entire life-cycle of a related component of a renewable energy system, each time the environmental impact refers to, i.e. manufacturing, operational and end-of-life. Apart from that, the current paper presents a necessary base grounded approach, which can be followed for a holistic approach in environmental point of view of renewable-based technologies, by addressing the potential competing interests of the relevant stakeholders (e.g. profit for the market operator in contrast to low-cost services for the consumer). All in all, the scalar quantification of the environmental impact of multiple energy systems, through a list of proposed assessment criteria, being evaluated in terms of the selected repository of KPIs, enables the comparison on a fair basis of the available energy systems, irrespective if they are fossil-fuel or RES based ones. As a typical example, a simple standard model of a photovoltaic integrated with an electric battery is selected, for which indicative indicators are provided.

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Life cycle assessment of storage systems: the case study of a sodium/nickel chloride battery

Cited by 81 publications

References 20 publications

CO₂ Footprint and Life‐Cycle Costs of Electrochemical Energy Storage for Stationary Grid Applications

CO₂ Footprint and Life‐Cycle Costs of Electrochemical Energy Storage for Stationary Grid Applications

Combined application of multi-criteria optimization and life-cycle sustainability assessment for optimal distribution of alternative passenger cars in U.S.

A review of key environmental and energy performance indicators for the case of renewable energy systems when integrated with storage solutions

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Life cycle assessment of storage systems: the case study of a sodium/nickel chloride battery

Cited by 81 publications

References 20 publications

CO2 Footprint and Life‐Cycle Costs of Electrochemical Energy Storage for Stationary Grid Applications

CO2 Footprint and Life‐Cycle Costs of Electrochemical Energy Storage for Stationary Grid Applications

Combined application of multi-criteria optimization and life-cycle sustainability assessment for optimal distribution of alternative passenger cars in U.S.

A review of key environmental and energy performance indicators for the case of renewable energy systems when integrated with storage solutions

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Product

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CO₂ Footprint and Life‐Cycle Costs of Electrochemical Energy Storage for Stationary Grid Applications

CO₂ Footprint and Life‐Cycle Costs of Electrochemical Energy Storage for Stationary Grid Applications