CO₂ Footprint and Life‐Cycle Costs of Electrochemical Energy Storage for Stationary Grid Applications

Abstract

Batteries are considered as one of the key flexibility options for future energy storage systems. However, their production is cost‐ and greenhouse‐gas intensive and efforts are made to decrease their price and carbon footprint. We combine life‐cycle assessment, Monte‐Carlo simulation, and size optimization to determine life‐cycle costs and carbon emissions of different battery technologies in stationary applications, which are then compared by calculating a single score. Cycle life is determined as a key factor for cost and CO2 emissions. This is not only due to the required battery replacements but also due to oversizing needed for battery types with low cycle lives to reduce degradation effects. Most Li‐ion but also the NaNiCl batteries show a good performance in all assessed applications whereas lead‐acid batteries fall behind due to low cycle life and low internal efficiency. For redox‐flow batteries, a high dependence on the desired application field is pointed out.

Neutral Red and Ferroin as Reversible and Rapid Redox Materials for Redox Flow Batteries

“…[1,2] However,t he choice of electrochemical reactions is rather limited, because flowing redoxm aterials do not maintain continuous contact with the current collector. [1,2] However,t he choice of electrochemical reactions is rather limited, because flowing redoxm aterials do not maintain continuous contact with the current collector.…”

Integrating Batteries in the Future Swiss Electricity Supply System: A Consequential Environmental Assessment

“…In addition, the battery sector is a confidentiality‐sensitive industry, which makes it difficult to determine meaningful projections. To take into account the evolution of the technologies, a simplification was used and a 10% improvement every 20 years was applied to the cycle life, as documented in work by Baumann and colleagues (). The other parameters were assumed to remain stable, as no projections are available.…”

Lithium‐Ion Battery Electrochemical‐Thermal Model Using Various Materials as Cathode Material: A Simulation Study

“…Lithium‐ion batteries have been rapidly developing due to high voltage platform, high energy density, good circulation performance, low self‐discharge rate and no memory effect And batteries are considered one of the key options for future energy storage systems . But the safety, service life and cost of lithium‐ion batteries are the main factors that hinder the popularity in Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) applications …”