Life cycle inventory study on magnesium alloy substitution in vehicles

Hakamada, Masataka; Furuta, Tetsuharu; Chino, Yasumasa; Chen, Youqing; Kusuda, Hiromu; Mabuchi, Mamoru

doi:10.1016/j.energy.2006.10.020

Cited by 174 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Additionally, formation of the MgCaSn phase was also indexed in Samples S2 and S3. In the case of Sn-rich Samples, S4 and S5, the presence of the MgCaSn networks was again confirmed, albeit formed incompletely and appearing even within grains; particular to Sample S5, the low-melting-point Mg 2 Sn compound was also indexed as present. Heat conductivity and load decrease magnitude measurements are presented in Figure 1.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Spanning the spectrum of aeronautics and the space sector, to the more down to earth automobile industry [1,2] and the engineering/construction sector, magnesium and its light alloys are in direct competition with Al-based alloys and their associated light-element solubility-extension techniques [3][4][5][6][7][8] and underpin any structural choice that calls for low density and fair heat dissipation [1,2]. Lately, magnesium has also become a symbol of sustainable economic development, drawing attention as an element of preference towards the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Increasing Sn Content on High-Temperature Mechanical Deformation of an Mg-3%Cu-1%Ca Alloy

Antipas

2013

Metals

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Chill casting of magnesium alloy samples with secondary alloying elements of Cu, Ca and Sn at % w.t. concentrations in the range 1-5, 0.1-5 and 0.1-3 respectively, gave rise to appreciably enhanced resistance to high-temperature creep, while maintaining good heat conductivity. The latter was considered to be driven by Cu and Mg-Cu intermetallics while it was clear that Sn mediated the high-temperature performance, mainly via networks of Mg 2 Sn and MgCaSn precipitates along the Mg matrix grain boundaries. It was postulated that Sn formed intermetallics by preferential substitution of Ca atoms and, thus, did not degrade the heat conductivity by retaining Cu. The % w.t. stoichiometry with the optimum combination of heat conductivity and resistance to high-temperature creep was found to be Mg-3Cu-1Ca-0.1Sn.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Increasing Sn Content on High-Temperature Mechanical Deformation of an Mg-3%Cu-1%Ca Alloy

Antipas

2013

Metals

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“…On the other hand, the main precipitate phase is Al 2 Ca for both MRI230D [23] and AXJ530 [24] and probably Mg 3 Nd for AM-HP2+. [43] With high melting points, Al 2 Ca and Mg 3 Nd are expected to have intrinsically high thermal stability and sustained precipitation strengthening at elevated temperatures, thus leading to the good creep resistance observed in MRI230D, AXJ530 and AM-HP2+.…”

Section: B Microstructure/creep Resistance Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3] For such applications, Mg alloys are required to possess excellent mechanical properties, especially elevated temperature creep resistance, since the operative temperatures are in the range of 423 K to 473 K (150°C to 200°C). [4,5] The most commonly used Mg alloys are those based on the Mg-Al system, for example, AZ91 (Mg-9Al-1Zn, compositions in weight pct hereafter unless specified) and AM60 (Mg-6Al-0.3Mn).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Magnesium Die-Casting Alloys for Elevated Temperature Applications: Microstructure, Tensile Properties, and Creep Resistance

Zhu

Easton

Abbott³

et al. 2015

Metall Mater Trans A

128

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Several families of magnesium die-casting alloys have been developed to operate at the elevated temperatures experienced in automotive powertrain applications. Most alloys are based on the Mg-Al system with alloying additions such as silicon, strontium, calcium, and rare earth elements (RE), although alloys with RE as the primary alloying constituent are also considered. This work presents an evaluation of the tensile properties and creep resistance of the most common magnesium die-casting alloys, in conjunction with the analysis of microstructure. The alloys investigated include AS31 (Mg-3Al-1Si), AJ52 (Mg-5Al-2Sr), MRI153A (Mg-9Al-1Ca-0.1Sr), MRI153M (Mg-8Al-1Ca-0.3Sr), MRI230D (Mg-6.5Al-2Ca-1Sn-0.3Sr), AXJ530 (Mg5Al-3Ca-0.2Sr), AE42 (Mg-4Al-2RE), AE44 (Mg-4Al-4RE), and AM-HP2+ (Mg-3.5RE-0.4Zn). It is shown that, among the various alloys evaluated, MRI230D, AXJ530, and AM-HP2+ have higher yield strength than the Al alloy A380, but the ductility is relatively low at room temperature for these alloys. In contrast, AS31 and the AE series alloys have very good room temperature ductility, but their yield strength is lower than that of A380. In terms of creep resistance, MRI230D, AXJ530, AE44, and AM-HP2+ are all comparable to the Al alloy counterpart at 423 K and 448 K (150°C and 175°C). Microstructural factors that are most important to the strength and creep resistance of the Mg die-casting alloys are discussed.

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“…[1][2][3][4][5] The compromise of formability, room temperature ductility and price represent major challenges in commercializing these materials. Importantly, Mg alloys also suffer from poor corrosion resistance in aqueous environments [6][7][8] and due to their positions in the electrochemical activity series, are highly susceptible to accelerated corrosion rates when in galvanic contact with a more noble material.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Local Hydrogen Fluxes Correlated to Microstructural Features of a Corroding Sand Cast AM50 Magnesium Alloy

Dauphin‐Ducharme

Asmussen

Tefashe

et al. 2014

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Successful in situ spatiotemporal tracking of corrosion processes occurring at heterogeneous Mg alloy microstructures was achieved through tandem analyses involving electron and electrochemical microscopies. Through cross-correlation of scanning electron microscopy and scanning electrochemical microscopy images and subsequent analytical transmission electron microscopy, the morphology and chemical composition of microstructural components on the surface of a sand-cast AM50 Mg alloy were related to their respective local evolution of H 2 with micron scale resolution prior to, during and post corrosion. The results confirm that the preferential water reduction sites in the initial stages of corrosion are the Al 8 Mn 5 intermetallics while a β-Mg 17 Al 12 precipitate contaminated with Ni becomes cathodically active at a later stage of corrosion. This approach demonstrates the power of correlative approaches to probe and understand local electrochemical phenomena. Owing to their light weight, high strength-to-weight ratio, good castability and high damping capacity, Mg alloys are ideal candidates for automotive structural components.1-5 The compromise of formability, room temperature ductility and price represent major challenges in commercializing these materials. Importantly, Mg alloys also suffer from poor corrosion resistance in aqueous environments 6-8 and due to their positions in the electrochemical activity series, are highly susceptible to accelerated corrosion rates when in galvanic contact with a more noble material.9 At open circuit, the overall galvanic current is null due to a balance between the anodic and cathodic current densities, while on a microscopic scale, a difference in electrochemical potential is obtained. In Mg alloys, galvanic coupling between microstructural components of the alloy (commonly referred to as microgalvanic coupling) stems from an inherent electrochemical potential difference between the Mg matrix and its secondary phases, [10][11][12] and can be tracked using local scanning probe methods.Local scanning probe techniques such as several modes of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM), 20-22 the scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET) [23][24][25] and local electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (LEIS) 26 have been used to probe the heterogeneous surfaces of Mg alloys and to assess the electrochemical behavior of the different microstructural constituents responsible for microgalvanic corrosion. Among these techniques, SECM has the ability to quantify electrochemical fluxes in situ with high lateral resolution using a microelectrode (ME). 27 This technique has been successfully applied in corrosion research to provide in situ analyses of pitting corrosion at oxide films, [28][29][30] to assess lateral variations in corrosion kinetics, 31 and to detect defects within coated metal samples. 32The feedback mode of SECM has been employed to probe corroding AM60 15 and AZ31 17 Mg alloys. The incre...

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Life cycle inventory study on magnesium alloy substitution in vehicles

Cited by 174 publications

References 9 publications

The Effect of Increasing Sn Content on High-Temperature Mechanical Deformation of an Mg-3%Cu-1%Ca Alloy

The Effect of Increasing Sn Content on High-Temperature Mechanical Deformation of an Mg-3%Cu-1%Ca Alloy

Evaluation of Magnesium Die-Casting Alloys for Elevated Temperature Applications: Microstructure, Tensile Properties, and Creep Resistance

Local Hydrogen Fluxes Correlated to Microstructural Features of a Corroding Sand Cast AM50 Magnesium Alloy

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