Life cycle of toxoplasma gondii.

Hutchison, W. M.; Dunachie, J. F.; Siim, J. Chr.; Work, K.

doi:10.1136/bmj.4.5686.806-b

Cited by 124 publications

(64 citation statements)

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“…T. gondii is a highly successful apicomplexan protozoan capable of infecting all warmblooded animals worldwide, often at extremely high prevalence levels. Members of the cat family (Felidae) are the only definitive hosts, within which the parasite undergoes full gametogenesis and mating within the intestinal epithelium, culminating in the generation of oocysts containing sporozoites that are shed in the cat's faeces (Hutchison et al, 1969). Infection of intermediate (such as rodents and birds) or other secondary (such as humans and domestic livestock) hosts can occur following ingestion of oocysts (via contaminated soil, water or food) or tissue cysts (through raw/undercooked infected meat, including via cannibalism), congenital transmission and also potentially, under certain conditions, by sexual transmission (Vyas, 2013).…”

Section: Toxoplasma Gondiimentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxoplasma gondiiinfection, from predation to schizophrenia: can animal behaviour help us understand human behaviour?

Webster

Kaushik

Bristow

et al. 2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

152

110

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SummaryWe examine the role of the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii as a manipulatory parasite and question what role study of infections in its natural intermediate rodent hosts and other secondary hosts, including humans, may elucidate in terms of the epidemiology, evolution and clinical applications of infection. In particular, we focus on the potential association between T. gondii and schizophrenia. We introduce the novel term ʻT. gondii-rat manipulation-schizophrenia modelʼ and propose how future behavioural research on this model should be performed from a biological, clinical and ethically appropriate perspective.

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Section: Toxoplasma Gondiimentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxoplasma gondiiinfection, from predation to schizophrenia: can animal behaviour help us understand human behaviour?

Webster

Kaushik

Bristow

et al. 2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

152

110

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“…Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum (the phylum Apicomplexa, class Coccidia), are morphologically close intracellular protozoan parasites with similar clinical outcome and may cause repeated abortions (Dubey et al 1988). Toxoplasma gondii can infect many animal species and has an indirect life cycle with a cat and feline carnivores as definitive hosts (Hutchison, 1969). Sporulated oocysts in the environment contaminated by cat faeces are an important source of infection mainly to other animals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and tick-transmitted bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum infections in one selected goat farm in Slovakia

Čobádiová

Reiterová

Derdáková³

et al. 2013

Acta Parasitologica

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Parasitic diseases of livestock together with poor welfare conditions can negatively affect the health status and production of small ruminants. Protozoan parasites and tick-borne infectious agents are common threat of livestock including small ruminants mostly during the pasture season. Therefore the priority of the study was to analyse the circulation and presence of two protozoan parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum as well as tick-transmitted bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum in one selected goat farm in Eastern Slovakia. Throughout a three-year study period we have repeatedly screened the sera and blood of goats and dogs from monitored farm. In total, 343 blood serum samples from 116 goats were examined by ELISA. The mean seropositivity for T. gondii was 56.9% (66/116, CI (95%) = 48-66.0) and 15.5% (18/116, CI (95%) = 9.3-22.7) for N. caninum. The permanent occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma and anti-Neospora antibodies was detected in repeatedly examined goats during the whole monitored period. The presence of both parasites in the flock was analysed by PCR. DNA of T. gondii was confirmed in 12 out of 25 Toxoplasma-seropositive goats and N. caninum in 14 samples out of 18 Neospora-seropositive animals; four goats were co-infected with both pathogens. The risk of endogenous transmission of both parasites was pursued by examination of 41 kid's sera, where seropositivity for toxoplasmosis was 31.7% and for neosporosis 14.6%. In dogs 61.1% seropositivity for T. gondii and 38.9% for N. caninum was found, however, their faeces were negative for coccidian oocysts. Eight out of 108 tested animals were infected with A. phagocytophilum, the causative agent of tick-borne fever. Seven of them were simultaneously infected with T. gondii and A. phagocytophilum, out of which four goats were concurrently infected with all three pathogens.

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“…Domestic and wild felids are the only known definitive hosts of T. gondii in which sexual multiplication of the parasite results in fecal shedding of infective oocysts (Hutchison et al 1969). Although most human infections do not lead to clinical disease, toxoplasmosis in pregnant women can result in fetal death or congenital infection, and in immunocompromised patients can cause fatal encephalitis (Frenkel 1990;Renold et al 1992).…”

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confidence: 99%

Association of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts with fresh, estuarine, and marine macroaggregates

Shapiro

Silver

Largier

et al. 2012

Limnology & Oceanography

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The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii infects a large proportion of threatened California sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis), and is an important waterborne pathogen in humans. Contamination of coastal waters with T. gondii is thought to occur through delivery of environmentally resistant oocysts to nearshore regions via overland runoff. The objectives of this study were to evaluate whether T. gondii oocysts and surrogate microspheres attach to aggregates ($ 0.5 mm), and whether the magnitude of aggregation depends on water type, specifically salinity. Laboratory aggregation studies were conducted by adding T. gondii oocysts and surrogate microspheres to riverine, estuarine, and marine waters, and quantifying the proportion of oocysts and surrogates in aggregate-rich and aggregate-free water fractions. Attachment of oocysts and surrogates to aggregates occurred in all water types, but was greater in estuarine and marine waters, with concentrations of T. gondii in aggregates enriched 3-4 orders of magnitude. Aquatic aggregates may, thus, significantly influence waterborne transport of terrestrially derived pathogens, both through enhanced settling and subsequent concentration in the benthos, as well as by facilitating ingestion by invertebrate vectors that can transmit pathogens to susceptible hosts, including sea otters and humans.

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Life cycle of toxoplasma gondii.

Cited by 124 publications

References 0 publications

Toxoplasma gondiiinfection, from predation to schizophrenia: can animal behaviour help us understand human behaviour?

Toxoplasma gondiiinfection, from predation to schizophrenia: can animal behaviour help us understand human behaviour?

Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and tick-transmitted bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum infections in one selected goat farm in Slovakia

Association of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts with fresh, estuarine, and marine macroaggregates

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