Life Events and Adjustment in Adolescents: The Significance of Event Independence, Desirability, and Chronicity

Masten, Ann S.; Neemann, Jennifer; Andenas, Signe

doi:10.1207/s15327795jra0401_5

Cited by 138 publications

(130 citation statements)

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“…f Life Events Questionnaire (Masten et al, 1994). g Conners Adolescent Self-Report Scale (Conners, 1998).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At initial screening, general intelligence was estimated using the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (Bowers and Pantle, 1998), reading achievement was estimated using the Word Attack subtest of the Woodcock-Johnson Revised Test of Achievement, and self-reported symptoms of depression, anxiety, stressful life events, and inattention were assessed using the Beck Depression Scale (Beck et al, 1961), the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (March et al, 1997), the Life Events Questionnaire (Masten et al, 1994), and the Conners Adolescent Self-Report Scale (Conners, 1998), respectively. Prenatal exposure was assessed at the time of initial screening using a semistructured interview of the parents regarding the average number of cigarettes smoked per day by the mother during each trimester of her pregnancy with the subject.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Visuospatial Memory Deficits Emerging During Nicotine Withdrawal in Adolescents with Prenatal Exposure to Active Maternal Smoking

Jacobsen

Slotkin

Westerveld

et al. 2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Active maternal smoking during pregnancy elevates the risk of cognitive deficits and tobacco smoking among offspring. Preclinical work has shown that combined prenatal and adolescent exposure to nicotine produces more pronounced hippocampal changes and greater deficits in cholinergic activity upon nicotine withdrawal than does prenatal or adolescent exposure to nicotine alone. Few prior studies have examined the potential modifying effects of gestational exposure to active maternal smoking on cognitive or brain functional response to tobacco smoking or nicotine withdrawal in adolescents. We examined visuospatial and verbal memory in 35 adolescent tobacco smokers with prenatal exposure to active maternal smoking and 26 adolescent tobacco smokers with no prenatal exposure to maternal smoking who were similar in age, educational attainment, general intelligence, and baseline plasma cotinine. Subjects were studied during ad libitum smoking and after 24 h of abstinence from smoking. A subset of subjects from each group also underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a visuospatial encoding and recognition task. Adolescent tobacco smokers with prenatal exposure experienced greater nicotine withdrawal-related deficits in immediate and delayed visuospatial memory relative to adolescent smokers with no prenatal exposure. Among adolescent smokers with prenatal exposure, nicotine withdrawal was associated with increased activation of left parahippocampal gyrus during early recognition testing of visuospatial stimuli and increased activation of bilateral hippocampus during delayed recognition testing of visuospatial stimuli. These findings extend prior preclinical work and suggest that, in human adolescent tobacco smokers, prenatal exposure to active maternal smoking is associated with alterations in medial temporal lobe function and concomitant deficits in visuospatial memory.

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“…f Life Events Questionnaire (Masten et al, 1994). g Conners Adolescent Self-Report Scale (Conners, 1998).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visuospatial Memory Deficits Emerging During Nicotine Withdrawal in Adolescents with Prenatal Exposure to Active Maternal Smoking

Jacobsen

Slotkin

Westerveld

et al. 2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…Additional covariates include variables related to demographics (age, gender, ethnicity, housing status, moves in the past year, family size, family income), low birth weight, child life events (care and protection order, abuse, out-of-home placement, strains and worries, and severe life events count 15 ), developmental problems (developmental delay, learning disability, emotional problems), and mother's distress 16 and lifetime psychiatric illness. 17 …”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hunger: Its Impact on Children’s Health and Mental Health

Weinreb¹,

et al. 2002

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ABSTRACT. Objective. Hunger, with its adverse consequences for children, continues to be an important national problem. Previous studies that document the deleterious effects of hunger among children cannot distinguish child from family hunger and do not take into account some critical environmental, maternal, and child variables that may influence child outcomes. This study examines the independent contribution of child hunger on children's physical and mental health and academic functioning, when controlling for a range of environmental, maternal, and child factors that have also been associated with poor outcomes among children.Methods. With the use of standardized tools, comprehensive demographic, psychosocial, and health data were collected in Worcester, Massachusetts, from homeless and low-income housed mothers and their children (180 preschool-aged children and 228 school-aged children). Mothers and children were part of a larger unmatched case-control study of homelessness among femaleheaded households. Hunger was measured by a set of 7 dichotomous items, each asking the mother whether she has or her children have experienced a particular aspect of hunger during the past year-1 concerns food insecurity for the entire family, 2 concern adult hunger, and 4 involve child hunger. The items, taken from the Childhood Hunger Identification Project measure, are summed to classify the family and divided into 3 categories: no hunger, adult or moderate child hunger, or severe child hunger (indicating multiple signs of child hunger). Outcome measures included children's chronic health condition count using questions adapted from the National Health Interview Survey, Child Health Supplement, and internalizing behavior problems and anxiety/ depression, measured by the Child Behavior Checklist. Additional covariates included demographic variables (ie, age, gender, ethnicity, housing status, number of moves, family size, income), low birth weight, child life events (ie, care and protection order, out of home placement, abuse, severe life events count), developmental problems (ie, developmental delay, learning disability, emotional problems), and mother's distress and psychiatric illness. Multivariate regression analyses examined the effect of child hunger on physical and mental health outcomes.Results. The average family size for both preschoolers and school-aged children was 3; about one third of both groups were white and 40% Puerto Rican. The average income of families was approximately $11 000. Among the school-aged children, on average 10 years old, 50% experienced moderate child hunger and 16% severe child hunger. Compared with those with no hunger, school-aged children with severe hunger were more likely to be homeless (56% vs 29%), have low birth weights (23% vs 6%), and have more stressful life events (9 vs 6) when compared with those with no hunger. School-aged children with severe hunger scores had parent-reported anxiety scores that were more than double the scores for children with no hunger and significant...

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“…There is a need to differentiate between chronic circumstances and acute events since the effects associated with each of these categories can differ (Masten, Neemann, & Adenas, 1994). Indeed, in the context of athletic performance, Fletcher, Hanton and Mellalieu (2006) noted that sport psychology researchers should take into account the different properties of stressors, such as the duration (chronic vs. acute), frequency (rare vs. common occurrence), and intensity (high vs. low demand).…”

Section: Measuring Adversitymentioning

confidence: 99%