Lifestyles and Practices that Enhance Malaria and Typhoid Fever in Njoro District, Kenya

Drinking water and sanitation conditions are associated with the risk of malaria among children under five years old in sub-Saharan Africa: A logistic regression model analysis of national survey data

“…These findings are in line with several previous studies [8], [9], [10], [11], [22], [23]; for example, Ayele et al assessed various WS conditions as indicators of socioeconomic status on the prevalence of malaria in Ethiopia from December 2006 to January 2007 using a generalized additive mixed model, generalized linear mixed model with spatial covariance structure, and generalized linear mode [8], [9], [10]. All of these studies found that malaria disproportionately affected people who had a poor socioeconomic status and limited access to clean drinking water sources [8], [9], [10].…”

“…All of these studies found that malaria disproportionately affected people who had a poor socioeconomic status and limited access to clean drinking water sources [8], [9], [10]. Similarly, Kinuthia et al also observed an increased number of malaria cases associated with inappropriate WS conditions in Njoro District, Kenya, using chi-squared tests and confidence limits [11]. Furthermore, Hasyim et al indicated that individuals who lived in unimproved sanitation environments were more frequently infected with malaria than those who lived in improved sanitation environments, even though the association between environmental sanitation and malaria prevalence was not statistically significant (OR 1.13, 95% CI 0.99–1.31, P = 0.081) [22].…”

“…To date, the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) component of the strategy has received little attention, and the potential to link WASH efforts with malaria and neglected tropical disease (NTD) transmission has been largely untapped [7]. Some studies explored the effect of water and sanitation (WS) on malaria in Ethiopia and Kenya on a small scale [8], [9], [10], [11], but there are no clear existing studies that have comprehensively evaluated the association between different types of WS conditions and malaria infection among children under five years old across a broad epidemic region, such as SSA. Considering the target date for the malaria roadmap and for the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of universal access to basic WASH in communities, schools, and health care facilities is both 2030 [7], [12], the primary hypothesis was whether the redoubling of efforts to improve WS and its recognition as a new policy for the prevention and control of malaria transmission can contribute to the achievement of malaria elimination targets from 2016 to 2030.…”

Effectiveness of a health education program on mothers' knowledge and practice regarding amebiasis

“…This discrepancy is due to the study location because the authors conducted their research in a rural area. In contrast, the current study was conducted in urban and rural areas ( 14 ).…”