Lifestyles, genetics, and future perspectives on gastric cancer in east Asian populations

Abstract

The prevalence of gastric cancer (GC) differs among regions worldwide, with the highest occurrence in east Asia. Thus, its etiology, with respect to ethnic background, environmental factors, and lifestyles, is also thought to differ essentially. In addition, etiology of GC is speculated to be changing due to the recent decrease in the Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in Japan. State-of-the-art somatic/germline cancer genomics has clarified the etiologies of gastric carcinogenesis. In this review article, we summarize past and present milestones in our understanding of GC achieved through genomic approaches, including a recent report that revealed higher-than-expected frequencies of GCs attributed to east Asian-specific germline variants in ALDH2 or CDH1 in combination with lifestyles. Based on this updated knowledge, we also discuss the possible impact of and high-risk approaches for GCs in the upcoming “H. pylori-negative era.”

Abrogation of ARF6 in promoting erastin-induced ferroptosis and mitigating capecitabine resistance in gastric cancer cells

“…Additionally, ARF6 has been shown to influence cancer cell invasion, metastasis, and proliferation (14). Notably, ARF6 has been found to direct downstream transport and recycling of cargo following clathrin-mediated and clathrinindependent endocytosis (15,16). These results suggest that ARF6 may play a variety of roles in cell physiology by regulating the breakdown and recycling of a diversity of functional proteins.…”

“…Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common types of cancer in the world, ranking fifth in terms of incidence and fourth in terms of fatality in 2020. Furthermore, GC has the greatest incidence of gastrointestinal cancers, with high cancer-related mortality rates being reported in east Asia, including China (13)(14)(15). The prognosis for individuals with GC has improved significantly over the last few decades as a result of comprehensive treatment that includes curative surgery, chemoradiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy.…”

“…The prognosis for individuals with GC has improved significantly over the last few decades as a result of comprehensive treatment that includes curative surgery, chemoradiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. However, the majority of patients are detected at an advanced stage, with a 5-year overall survival rate of less than 40% (15)(16)(17). Regarding GC therapy, a previous study has established the critical role of ferroptosis in the treatment and prognosis of GC, which includes the facilitation of perilipin 2 in regulating the proliferation and apoptosis of gastric carcinoma cells through intervening in the ferroptosis pathway (18).…”

New Drug Development and Clinical Trial Design by Applying Genomic Information Management

“…An optimal treatment strategy is one that is based on the integrated information regarding the somatic and germline mutations, age, lifestyle, and the clinical information of the patient [ 63 , 64 ]. To develop a patient-specific somatic-germline variant-based treatment strategy, genomic information, along with patient information, must be collected longitudinally.…”

Microbiota and the Immune System—Actors in the Gastric Cancer Story

“…More specifically, gastric cancer is common in East Asia, where nearly two-thirds of GC cases occur, Eastern Europe, and Latin America’s Pacific coast. In contrast, incidence rates are generally low in North America, South Asia, and Australia [ 7 , 8 ]. GC is most common in the elderly.…”