“…Notably, the interactions between microglia and other cell types, including neurons, astrocytes, endothelial cells, and stem cells, as well as the underlying mechanisms, are complex, and these might involve intriguing roles of the receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGEs), S100B, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and NADPH oxidase . RAGE, a cell-surface receptor that can bind to various ligands, including advanced glycation end products (AGEs), HMGB1, S100 proteins, and amyloid-β (Aβ), is mainly expressed in cortical and spinal motor neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and endothelial cells and is expressed at a high level in the developing nervous system. − In adult animals, RAGE is expressed at a low level under physiological conditions but is drastically increased under chronic inflammation because of the accumulation of various RAGE ligands. ,, With regard to cerebral ischemia, the results of in vitro and in vivo experiments have indicated that RAGE expression in brain tissues or nerve cells is increased after hypoxic injury in a time-dependent manner ,− and is associated with neuronal apoptosis and the severity of cerebral infarction, , and this increase has been confirmed in stroke patients; moreover, the increased RAGE expression probably accelerates ischemia-induced neuronal death through activation of inflammatory pathways. − These findings indicate that RAGE potentially plays a critical role in cerebral infarction.…”