Light-Activated Biodegradable Covalent Organic Framework-Integrated Heterojunction for Photodynamic, Photothermal, and Gaseous Therapy of Chronic Wound Infection

Abstract

Chronic wound healing, impeded by bacterial infections and drug resistance, poses a threat to global human health. Antibacterial phototherapy is an effective way to fight microbial infection without causing drug resistance. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a class of highly crystalline functional porous carbon-based materials composed of light atoms (e.g., carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and borane), showing potential applications in the biomedical field. Herein, we constructed porphyrin-based COF nanosheets (TP-Por CON) for synergizing photodynamic and photothermal therapy under red light irradiation (e.g., 635 nm). Moreover, a nitric oxide (NO) donor molecule, BNN6, was encapsulated into the pore volume of the crystalline porous framework structure to moderately release NO triggered by red light irradiation for realizing gaseous therapy. Therefore, we successfully synthesized a novel TP-Por CON@BNN6-integrated heterojunction for thoroughly killing Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. Our research identified that TP-Por CON@BNN6 has favorable biocompatibility and biodegradability, low phototoxicity, anti-inflammatory properties, and excellent mice wound healing ability in vivo. This study indicates that the TP-Por CON@BNN6-integrated heterojunction with multifunctional properties provides a potential strategy for COF-based gaseous therapy and microorganism-infected chronic wound healing.

Emerging porous organic polymers for biomedical applications

“…Then, a brief discussion on their synthetic strategies and functionalization approaches is provided. Subsequently, a detailed description is provided on the applications of POPs in diverse biomedical fields, including drug delivery, 76,101–116 biomacromolecule encapsulation, 117–129 photodynamic and photothermal therapy, 130–147 biosensing, 69,148–151 bioimaging, 152–155 antibacterial, 156–161 bioseparation, 162 and others, as shown in Fig. 2.…”

An Optimally Designed Engineering Exosome–Reductive COF Integrated Nanoagent for Synergistically Enhanced Diabetic Fester Wound Healing

“…Additionally, the PCOF@E‐Exos have remained stable and relatively uniform in deionized water (DW), PBS, fetal bovine serum (FBS, 10%), and DMEM medium (Figure S20a,b, Supporting Information). [ 37 ] In parallel, the fluorescence of the supernatant had no significant change after PCOF@E‐Exo powders were placed over a span of 7 d (Figure S20c, Supporting Information), suggesting the integrality of E‐Exos following by bonding with PCOF. As revealed by CLSM images, PCOF@E‐Exos showed slightly lower ROS scavenging efficiency to the impaired L929 cells than PCOFs (Figure S21a, Supporting Information), in consistence with the marginally higher apoptosis levels in the PCOF@E‐Exo group than the PCOF group (Figure S21b, Supporting Information).…”

White light-induced AIEgen polyurethane films containing Schiff base copper(ii) complexes for synergistic chemo/photodynamic antibacterial therapy

“…In Schemes S1, S2 and S3, † we report the synthetic routes of compound 1, TPA-1OH and compound 2. Besides, the 1…”

“…Pathogenic bacterial infection has become a prominent public health problem because of its rapid transmission and high mortality, posing a threat to human health, especially the elderly. 1 Usually, antibiotics are the most commonly used agents for the treatment of microbial infections due to their high bactericidal activity. Traditional antibiotics, the critical chemotherapeutic drug, keep infectious disease under control effectively.…”