Light and temperature requirements for growth and reproduction in gametophytes of Ecklonia maxima (Alariaceae: Laminariales)

Bolton, John J.; Levitt, G. J.

doi:10.1007/bf00539420

Cited by 39 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The unpigmented cells grew best in the dark, and growth was inhibited at even low photon flux density, whereas growth of the pigmented cells increased with increasing irradiance up to 30/mol photon m-2 s -'. The light requirements for these cell cultures correspond to those for cultures of whole plants of brown algae in which it has been shown that growth is light saturated at photon flux densities of 10-30 #Imol photon m-2s-1 (Hsiao & Druehl, 1971;Lning & Neushul, 1978;Lining, 1981;Bolton & Levitt, 1985). The microscopic stages of the life cycle may show optimum growth at low photon flux densities; for example, at approximately 10 umol photon m -2s-for gametophytes of Laminaria saccharina (Hsiao & Druehl, 1971).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Tissue culture of Ecklonia radiata (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales): effects on growth of light, organic carbon source and vitamins

1989

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The effects of light quality and irradiance, and supply of organic carbon and vitamins on the growth of two forms of Ecklonia radiata in tissue culture were examined. A callus of unpigmented cells developed over the cut surface of newly excised explants of stipe. This growth was best in the dark but stopped after 10 weeks. Pigmented, mainly filamentous clumps of cells developed from explants after several weeks in culture. These required light for growth, with growth being enhanced by increasing photon flux density up to 30 /mol photon m-2 s -, with the active spectral component being red light (> 600 nm). The addition to the medium of a range of organic carbon sources or vitamins did not stimulate growth of either culture type in the dark.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Tissue culture of Ecklonia radiata (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales): effects on growth of light, organic carbon source and vitamins

1989

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“…The relationships between the species are in need of investigation, with one species endemic to the Galapagos (Eisenia galapagensis, Taylor 1945), and one species endemic to Guadelupe Island (Mexico; Eisenia desmarestioides, Setchell and Gardner 1930). Both Eisenia and Ecklonia are amongst the most warm tolerant of kelps, both from their distribution and from experimental evidence (Bolton and Levitt 1985;Bolton and Anderson 1987). The genus Ecklonia does not occur in true cold-temperate regions where minimum monthly mean temperatures are below 10°C (Bolton and Anderson 1994).…”

Section: Kelps In the Tropics And The Southern Hemispherementioning

confidence: 99%

The biogeography of kelps (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae): a global analysis with new insights from recent advances in molecular phylogenetics

2010

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Despite their ecological and economic importance, no summary of kelp global biogeography has been produced for almost two decades. The circumscription of the order Laminariales and familial and generic relationships in the group have changed considerably recently, in the light of molecular data. A global summary and geographical analysis of kelp species and their distributions (112 species in 33 genera) is presented. These data are analysed and discussed from the perspective of the new consensus of relationships within the group, and likely evolutionary events. The putative ancestors of the kelps occur and are overwhelmingly most diverse, in the cooler waters of northern Japan. The biogeographical evidence suggests three main lines of subsequent evolution: (a) a diversiWcation producing the four 'derived' families Alariaceae, Costariceae, Laminariaceae, and Lessoniaceae and most extant genera in the temperate northern PaciWc, probably during the Miocene. (b) The evolution of an Arctic Xora which invaded the North Atlantic following the opening of the Bering Strait ca. 5.5 Ma. (c) At least four separate crossings, by diVerent genera, of tropical regions from Northern to Southern Hemisphere (and one in the opposite direction). The recorded impacts of man on these distributions have thus far been minimal, with the notable exceptions of Undaria pinnatiWda and species of Saccharina (grown in aquaculture systems for human food). Most genera are monospeciWc, with many conWned to either the western or eastern temperate North PaciWc, whereas the distribution of the most species-rich genera (Alaria, Laminaria, Saccharina) includes the Arctic, and they are widespread in the North Atlantic. This rapid species-level evolution is hypothesised to have been promoted by the relatively recent invasion of the Atlantic by these taxa. The crossing of the tropics has occurred in warm-temperate species some of which occur and are sometimes abundant, in deeper water in today's tropics, refuting the widespread view that kelps are only present in cold-water habitats. Most of these Southern Hemisphere kelps are in the family Lessoniaceae, including the only genus not present in the Northern Hemisphere, Lessonia. The origins of this genus are unclear. Knowledge of the phylogeography of the Ecklonia/Eisenia complex is particularly important in understanding Southern Hemisphere kelp biogeography. A number of groups are undergoing active speciation and, with the lack of a consistent species concept, the species-level taxonomy of the group remains to be clariWed. There is a great need for molecular phylogeographical studies to provide evidence for many of the hypotheses presented here based on distributional evidence and the currently accepted taxonomic framework.

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“…Desmarestia firma has the lowest maximum temperature for gametophyte fertility (approximately 15 °C) among the four brown algal species which have been studied. Maximum temperatures for gametogenesis are reported in Macrocystis (17.5 °C) and Laminaria (19.9°C) by Branch 1974, and in Ecklonia maxima (22.5 °C) by Bolton and Levitt 1985. This low limit for gametogenesis in D. firma may explain its relative rarity between Cape Point and Agulhas, an area in which E. maxima is abundant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…The optimum temperature for growth of gametophytes of D. firma is the same as for those of Laminaria pallida (Greville) J. Agardh (Branch 1974), similar to Macrocystis angustifolia (Bory) J. Agardh (14-16°C: Branch 1974) and slightly lower than for Ecklonia maxima (17.5-20 °C: Bolton and Levitt 1985). 'Young sporophytes of D. firma grew most rapidly at 12 °C (present study), those of Laminaria pallida at 15°C (Bolton 1986), those of E. maxima at temperatures between 8 and 19 °C (Bolton and Anderson 1987).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Growth and Fertility, in Relation to Temperature and Photoperiod, in South African Desmarestia firma (Phaeophyceae)

Andersen¹,

Bolton²

1989

Botm

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The influence of temperature on growth of young sporophytes, and the effects of temperature and photoperiod on growth and fertility of gametophytes, have been investigated in laboratory culture in South African endemic Desmarestia firma. Young sporophytes grew best between 8 and 19°C (optimum 12°C), growth at 4 and 22 °C was slow, and they died at 26 °C Gametophytes, under both long-day (LD) and short-day (SD) conditions, grew best at temperatures between 12 and 18 °C (optimum 15 °C), growth at 4, 8, and 22 °C was slow, and they died at 26 °C. Short-day conditions were required to initiate fertility in the gametophytes, fertility rates were higher at 8 °C than at 12 and 15 °C, and none became fertile at 17 °C. The highest rates of fertility were obtained in gametophytes grown under LD conditions at 15 °C and then transferred to SD at 4 °C. Seasonal sea temperatures on the southern African coast indicate that the eastern boundary for this species is set by the effect of high summer temperatures on the sporophyte, while the northern limit might be set by the effects of either high summer or winter temperatures, on the sporophytes or gametophytes respectively. The distribution of branched, ligulate Desmarestia species worldwide is discussed in relation to our results and those from other studies.

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Light and temperature requirements for growth and reproduction in gametophytes of Ecklonia maxima (Alariaceae: Laminariales)

Cited by 39 publications

References 12 publications

Tissue culture of Ecklonia radiata (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales): effects on growth of light, organic carbon source and vitamins

Tissue culture of Ecklonia radiata (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales): effects on growth of light, organic carbon source and vitamins

The biogeography of kelps (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae): a global analysis with new insights from recent advances in molecular phylogenetics

Growth and Fertility, in Relation to Temperature and Photoperiod, in South African Desmarestia firma (Phaeophyceae)

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