Light-driven hydroxylation of testosterone by Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 expressing the heterologous CYP450 monooxygenase CYP110D1

Abstract

Biotransformation of testosterone into 15β-hydroxytestosterone by the cyanobacterium Synechocystis expressing the heterologous monooxygenase CYP110D1. The reaction is sustained by reducing equivalents and oxygen provided by oxygenic photosynthesis.

Exciting Enzymes: Current State and Future Perspective of Photobiocatalysis

“…[39] In addition, while great progress has been made in the engineering of cyanobacteria and other photoautotrophic organisms for NPC-systems, cloning and expression of enzymes (in particular heterologous) are still laborious and genetic stability remains an issue. [32,40] Indeed, the complexity of the regulation of gene expression [41] and the photosynthetic electron transport chain (PETC) needs to be fully understood and optimized for larger scales. [42][43][44] However, it must be emphasized that the above-mentioned challenges are mirrored by the manifold opportunities that the implementation of light into biocatalytic processes offers.…”

“…In a different approach, the energy of light is made available for biocatalysis by whole‐cell autotrophic cells, [32] providing reducing equivalents in the form of NAD(P)H [21] or reduced ferredoxins, [41] without the need to oxidize organic auxiliary substrates (NPC‐systems). Note that this contributes to an enhanced atom economy, as water is the only consumed reagent.…”

Light-driven biocatalytic oxidation

“…Besides, several other light-driven whole-cell systems have been reported: (1) Rieske oxygenase using 5(6)-carboxyeosin as a photosensitizer and MES buffer as electron donor; 32 (2) photoautotrophic cyanobacterium Synechocystis expressing the heterologous P450 (ref. 33); (3) BVMO reactions in metabolically engineered cyanobacteria; 34 (4) microbial photosynthesis works for O 2 generation for biocatalytic oxyfunctionalizations. 35 In addition to the photosensitizing dyes (e.g., avin, 12,13 EY 31 ), ruthenium (Ru) 36 complexes have been used as a photocatalyst to reduce P450 heme iron (Fig.…”

“…In addition to abiotic photochemical and photoelectrochemical approaches, cyanobacteria have been reported to activate oxidative redox enzymes ( e.g. , BVMO, 34 P450, 33 alkane monooxygenase 44 ) by producing O 2 gas and reducing equivalents.…”

Semiconductor augmented hydrogen and polyhydroxybutyrate photosynthesis from Rhodospirillum rubrum and a mechanism study

“…In addition, they are capable of synthesizing products from carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) or small molecular organics, 9 and some of them also perform nitrogen fixation. 10 Therefore, photosynthetic microorganisms are excellent whole-cell biocatalysts that are capable of modulating both substrate conversion and energy transformation (from solar power to chemical energy), 11,12 and these species are promising microbial factories for manufacturing industrial chemicals from renewable energies and simple organics. 9,13 Such advantages have made photosynthetic microorganisms a good research platform for constructing semi-artificial photosynthetic systems.…”