Light scattering detector based on light-emitting diodes-Solar cells for a flow analysis of Warfarin in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations

Abstract

Continuous turbidimetric analysis (CTA) for a distinctive analytical application by employing a homemade analyser (NAG Dual & Solo 0-180°) which contained two consecutive detection zones (measuring cells 1 & 2) is described. The analyser works based on light-emitting diodes as a light source and a set of solar cells as a light detector for turbidity measurements without needing further fibres or lenses. Formation of a turbid precipitated product with yellow colour due to the reaction between the warfarin and the precipitation reagent (Potassium dichromate) is what the developed method is based on. The CTA method was applied to determine the warfarin in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations in the concentration range from 2.0-16& 0.7-16 mmol/L with 0.58 and 0.55 mmol/L of the limit of detections. The correlation coefficients (r) of the developed method were 0.9977 and 0.9981 for cell 1 and 2 respectively. For validation of proposed method, the ICH guidelines were followed. The developed method was successfully applied for the determination of Warfarin in pure and pharmaceutical preparations. In addition, the method can be considered as a quality control method and conveniently used for routine analysis in laboratories since the method permits quantitatively determination of 60 samples/h.

Rapid colorimetric sensing of chlorpromazine HCl antipsychotic through in situ growth of gold nanoparticles

“…It plays a vital role in patient safety, pharmacological research, and the overall management of healthcare. Therefore, a series of methods have been developed for the determination of various drugs, including ow injection, [14][15][16] turbidity, [17][18][19] solid phase extraction, 20 HPLC, 21 electrochemistry 22 and spectrophotometry. 23,24 Inspired by these revolutionary works, a team of procient scientists and researchers has successfully developed a colorimetric assay using AuNPs, enabling the swi detection of bagonists.…”

Development and Validation of Spectrophotometric Methods for the Quantitative Determination of Doxycycline Hyclate in Pure Form and Pharmaceutical Formulations Using Flow‐Injection and Batch procedures: A Comparative Study

“…They can also be easily automated, are less prone to contamination, and use relatively fewer reagents and sample material [16,17] . Given the significant decreases in waste generation compared to previous procedures, [18,19] they are environmentally safer [20–22] . Numerous spectrophotometric techniques based on colourimetric reactions have been described for the detection of doxycycline hyclate in pharmaceutical preparations and biological fluids.…”

A Continuous Flow Injection/Indirect Photometric Method for the Detection of Fosetyl Aluminum in Commercial Pesticide Formulations

“…Flow injection‐spectrophotometric technique is the most commonly used for determination of active pharmaceutical ingredients in their formulations, using this technique for pesticide determination is the most required in the field of pesticide determination [24–36] . To the best of our knowledge, the flow injection technique with indirect photometric detection for the determination of fosetyl‐Al in commercial samples of protection products has not been applied.…”

“…[23] Flow injection-spectrophotometric technique is the most commonly used for determination of active pharmaceutical ingredients in their formulations, using this technique for pesticide determination is the most required in the field of pesticide determination. [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] To the best of our knowledge, the flow injection technique with indirect photometric detection for the determination of fosetyl-Al in commercial samples of protection products has not been applied. The main aim of the present study is to develop and validate a rapid, simple and reliable analytical method for the assay of fosetyl-Al in pesticide formulations that uses the most common available instrument in the laboratories which is (Photometry).…”