Lightweight Interactions for Reciprocal Cooperation in a Social Network Game

Takano, Masanori; Wada, Kazuya; Fukuda, Ichiro

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47880-7_8

Cited by 5 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…They are useful for constructing theoretical models of social phenomena. Studies (Arnaboldi et al, 2012;Song et al, 2012;Fujihara and Miwa, 2014;Hossmann et al, 2011;Arnaboldi et al, 2013b;Hu et al, 2012;Takano et al, 2016a;Saramaki et al, 2014;Dunbar, 2016;Takano et al, 2016b) previously cited in this paper have also analysed data from SNSs, mobile phones, social network games, and SMSs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Limitations of time resources in human relationships determine social structures

Takano¹,

Fukuda²

2017

Palgrave Commun

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The number of social relationships that a single human being can possibly be involved in is limited because individuals face time constraints (that is, time costs) in constructing and maintaining social relationships; furthermore, the distribution of the strength of such relationships (as measured by frequency of social interaction) looks significantly skewed (a power law distribution), that is, a few strong relationships and many weak relationships. This skewedness suggests that the costs and benefits of bonding with others depend on the strength of the social relationships: if it involves uniform costs and benefits, the distribution would not be skewed. The bonding is known as social grooming; that is, humans strategically construct their social relationships, and thus, complex human societies should also be strategically constructed. Therefore, it is important to know their strategies for understanding human societies. Previous studies provide evidence of social grooming strategies by examining the evolution and the difference between the various social grooming methods. However, quantitative laws that are important for theoretically understanding human societies are still open to investigation. Social big data is a particularly powerful tool for finding such laws. Therefore, we analyse data from six communication systems (Twitter, a social networking site providing two types of interactions, an avatar chat, a mobile phone and a short message service). We find a simple quantitative law by which social relationships are constrained Nm a (a41); here, N is the number of social relationships and m is a mean of the strength of those relationships. The fact that deep social relationships require higher costs per relationship than shallow relationships is suggested by a41 (if the both is equal then a will be 1), because the effect of m on the constraint increases with m. For exploring why a is greater than 1, we conduct an individual-based simulation where social grooming costs are assumed to increase linearly with the strength of social relationships. Our results indicate that this model fits all data sets; that is, it displays an explanation capacity for the phenomenon. In addition, an analysis of this simulation proves our assumption about the social grooming cost increasing with the strength of social relationships as being true. Moreover, it suggests that its gradient increases the width and shallowness of these relationships. The law and its causes suggest that mankind's evolution of social grooming has enabled changing social structures, and the phenomenon is because of the constraints of the social network generation. These findings will contribute towards an explanation of the evolution of the various social grooming methods of humans and their significantly large social group.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Limitations of time resources in human relationships determine social structures

Takano¹,

Fukuda²

2017

Palgrave Commun

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“…The role of elaborate methods should be to get cooperation from others. Humans tend to cooperate in close friends [ 8 , 20 , 21 , 37 , 43 , 44 ] because cooperators cannot cooperate with everyone [ 44 , 45 ]. The role of lightweight social grooming should be to get information from others.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These relationships provide various advantages to them in complex societies. Close social relationships lead to mutual cooperation [ 7 , 8 , 20 , 21 ]. On the other hand, having many weak social relationships, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two types of social grooming methods depending on the trade-off between the number and strength of social relationships

Takano

2018

R. Soc. open sci.

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Humans use various social bonding methods known as social grooming, e.g. face to face communication, greetings, phone and social networking sites (SNS). SNS have drastically decreased time and distance constraints of social grooming. In this paper, I show that two types of social grooming (elaborate social grooming and lightweight social grooming) were discovered in a model constructed by 13 communication datasets including face to face, SNS and Chacma baboons. The separation of social grooming methods is caused by a difference in the trade-off between the number and strength of social relationships. The trade-off of elaborate social grooming is weaker than the trade-off of lightweight social grooming. On the other hand, the time and effort of elaborate methods are higher than those of lightweight methods. Additionally, my model connects social grooming behaviour and social relationship forms with these trade-offs. By analysing the model, I show that individuals tend to use elaborate social grooming to reinforce a few close relationships (e.g. face to face and Chacma baboons). By contrast, people tend to use lightweight social grooming to maintain many weak relationships (e.g. SNS). Humans with lightweight methods who live in significantly complex societies use various types of social grooming to effectively construct social relationships.

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“…Additionally, in a data analysis study dealing with the data set of a social network game, people's frequent communication increases their cooperative behavior [45,44].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The behavior constructing social relationships is not limited to humans but widely observed in primates [23,22,8,6,27,45,44,43]. In doing so, they face cognitive constraints [9] (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Human-Like Social Grooming Strategies Regarding Richness and Group Size

Takano

Ichinose

2018

Front. Ecol. Evol.

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Human social strategies have evolved as an adaption to behave in complex societies. In such societies, humans intensively tend to cooperate with their closer friends, because they have to distribute their limited resources through cooperation (e.g., time, food, etc.). It also makes the situation difficult to have uniform social relationships (social grooming) with all friends. Thus, the social relationship strengths often show a much skewed distribution (a power law distribution). Here we aim to show adaptivity of such social grooming strategies in order to explore the evolution of human social intelligence. We use a model in the framework of evolutionary games where the social grooming strategies evolve via building social relationships with cooperators. Simulation results demonstrate four evolutionary trends. One of the trends is similar to the strategy that humans use. We find that these trends depend on three parameters; individuals' richness, group sizes, and the amount of social grooming. The human-like strategy evolves in large poor groups. Moreover, the increase of the amount of social grooming makes the group size larger. Conversely, this implies that the same strategy evolves when the amount of social grooming is properly adjusted even if the group sizes are different. Our results are important in the sense that, between human and non-human primates, the differences of the group size and the amount of social grooming are significant.

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Lightweight Interactions for Reciprocal Cooperation in a Social Network Game

Cited by 5 publications

References 34 publications

Limitations of time resources in human relationships determine social structures

Limitations of time resources in human relationships determine social structures

Two types of social grooming methods depending on the trade-off between the number and strength of social relationships

Evolution of Human-Like Social Grooming Strategies Regarding Richness and Group Size

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