Lignin fast pyrolysis: Results from an international collaboration

Nowakowski, Daniel J.; Bridgwater, Anthony V.; Elliott, Douglas C.; Meier, Dietrich; Wild, Paul de

doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2010.02.009

Cited by 365 publications

(274 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…In catalytic biomass pyrolysis, the vapours generated in the pyrolysis process are passed through a catalyst bed with a view to promoting deoxygenation through, e.g., decarbonylation, decarboxylation, or dehydration reactions. Lignin requires higher temperatures and long residence times than for catalytic pyrolysis of cellulosic materials [44]. Since lignin is the most thermally stable of the lignocellulosic biomass components, reaction temperatures typically exceed those of 500-550°C required for cellulose and hemicellulose [45].…”

Section: Pyrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneously catalyzed lignin depolymerization

Pineda

Lee

2016

Appl Petrochem Res

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Biomass offers a unique resource for the sustainable production of bio-derived chemical and fuels as drop-in replacements for the current fossil fuel products. Lignin represents a major component of lignocellulosic biomass, but is particularly recalcitrant for valorization by existing chemical technologies due to its complex crosslinking polymeric network. Here, we highlight a range of catalytic approaches to lignin depolymerisation for the production of aromatic bio-oil and monomeric oxygenates.

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Section: Pyrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneously catalyzed lignin depolymerization

Pineda

Lee

2016

Appl Petrochem Res

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“…Elemental analysis: The carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen content of the solid samples were determined through complete oxidation [50] with the elementary analyser at CRL Energy Ltd. in…”

Section: Christchurchmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of demineralisation and torrefaction to improve the properties of biomass intended as a feedstock for fast pyrolysis

Wigley

Yip

Pang

2015

Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis

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Pre-treatments of biomass were investigated to reduce its undesirable properties which may affect the quality of fast pyrolysis bio-oil. A pre-treatment sequence was developed in this study to incorporate both biomass demineralisation and torrefaction. Demineralisation was performed by dilute acid leaching, primarily to reduce the inorganic concentration in raw biomass, whereas torrefaction targeted a reduction of the carboxyl, moisture and oxygen content. The liquid produced during torrefaction was recycled back as the leaching reagent for demineralisation. This solution contained dilute organic acids; therefore, the viability of leaching with organic acids (acetic and formic acid) compared to commonly used mineral acids (sulphuric, nitric and hydrochloric acid) was validated. Synthetic leaching solutions reduced the inorganic content in raw biomass from 0.41 wt% to 0.14 wt% when leached with 1% formic acid and to 0.16 wt% when leached with 1% acetic acid, which was comparable to leaching with the mineral acids. Recycled torrefaction liquid that contained other acidic compounds in small quantities reduced the inorganic content to 0.14 wt%, suggesting it is effective to use the recycled torrefaction liquid as the leaching solution. From the experimental results, the optimal conditions for biomass torrefaction were 260 °C for 20 min to minimise the char formation during pyrolysis, based on the increase in the acid-insoluble fraction of the biomass. However, the torrefaction temperature may be increased to 280 °C if further reductions in acetyl and oxygen content are required. Higher temperatures are associated with severe biomass loss and the initiation of hydrogen loss. It should be noted that even at 280 °C, the oxygen reduction is minimal. If oxygen reduction is the principal target when pre-treating biomass, it is suggested that torrefaction alone is not a suitable method to obtain bio-oil with a low oxygen content due to the low pyrolysis yields obtainable. This study demonstrated that the combined use of demineralisation and torrefaction as biomass pre-treatments has the ability to decrease the inorganic, acetyl and moisture content of biomass, which reduces undesirable catalytic reactions during fast pyrolysis to improve the quality of bio-oil produced.

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“…Lignin is the second major component of the cell wall matrix in cardoon in amounts similar to what occurs in other herbaceous plants, such as wheat straw, corn, switch grass, or Miscanthus, where it can represent from 18 to 25 % [8].The lignin provides mechanical support for the plant, waterproofs the cell wall, enables the transport of water and nutrients, and provides a barrier against microorganisms. Some attempts have been made to isolate the lignin from woody and nonwoody plants since it is a good raw material for the production of diverse useful products, e.g., phenol-formaldehyde resins [9] and bio-oils [10]. However, its use is still experimental or residual, mainly due to the difficulties for finding efficient, environmental, and economically viable solutions for its isolation from the lignocellulosic matrix [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and Structural Characterization of Lignin from Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) Stalks

et al. 2015

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The lignin from Cynara cardunculus stalks was isolated by the classical Björkman method and characterized by pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2D-NMR), and derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC). The milled Cynara lignin (MCyL) was constituted mainly by guaiacyl (G) and syringyl-units(S) (S/G molar ratio of 0.7), with the complete absence of p-hydroxyphenyl (H) units. The 2D-NMR analysis indicated a predominance of alkyl-aryl ether linkages (70 % of all inter unit linkages are β-O-4′) and significant amounts of condensed structures such as phenylcoumarans (β-5′, 14 %), resinols (β-β′, 7 %), spirodienones (β-1′, 5 %), and dibenzodioxocins (5-5′, 4 %). Furthermore, the analyses indicated that the lignin is partially acylated at the γ-OH (12 % acylation) by acetate groups and that acetylation occurs preferentially on syringyl-units. As in other plants, acetylation occurs at the monomer stage, and sinapyl acetate behaves as a real lignin monomer participating in lignification in cardoon stalks. The detailed structural characterization of cardoon lignin reported here will foster the industrial use of this biomass for the production of biofuels and other bio-based chemicals under the lignocellulosic biorefinery.

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Lignin fast pyrolysis: Results from an international collaboration

Cited by 365 publications

References 3 publications

Heterogeneously catalyzed lignin depolymerization

Heterogeneously catalyzed lignin depolymerization

The use of demineralisation and torrefaction to improve the properties of biomass intended as a feedstock for fast pyrolysis

Isolation and Structural Characterization of Lignin from Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) Stalks

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