LIGO: The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory

Abramovici, Alex; Althouse, W. E.; Drever, R. W. P.; Gürsel, Yekta; Kawamura, Seiji; Raab, F. J.; Shoemaker, D. H.; Sievers, L.; Spero, Robert; Thorne, Kip S.; Vogt, R. E.; Weiss, R.; Whitcomb, S. E.; Zucker, M. E.

doi:10.1126/science.256.5055.325

Cited by 2,027 publications

(2,057 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Sf ,42.65.Ky, 42.79.Gn Mesoscopic mechanical oscillators are currently attracting interest due to their potential to enhance the sensitivity of displacement measurements [1] and to probe the quantum to classical transition of a macroscopic degree of freedom [2,3]. A prerequisite for these applications is the capability of initializing an oscillator with a long phonon lifetime in its quantum ground state.…”

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confidence: 99%

Theory of Ground State Cooling of a Mechanical Oscillator Using Dynamical Backaction

et al. 2007

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A quantum theory of cooling of a mechanical oscillator by radiation pressure-induced dynamical back-action is developed, which is analogous to sideband cooling of trapped ions. We find that final occupancies well below unity can be attained when the mechanical oscillation frequency is larger than the cavity linewidth. It is shown that the final average occupancy can be retrieved directly from the optical output spectrum.PACS numbers: 42.65. Sf ,42.65.Ky, 42.79.Gn Mesoscopic mechanical oscillators are currently attracting interest due to their potential to enhance the sensitivity of displacement measurements [1] and to probe the quantum to classical transition of a macroscopic degree of freedom [2,3]. A prerequisite for these applications is the capability of initializing an oscillator with a long phonon lifetime in its quantum ground state. So far this has not been demonstrated because the combination of sufficiently high mechanical frequencies (ω m /2π) and quality factors in the relevant regime ω m ≫ k B T has not been reached [3]. In contrast, in atomic physics laser cooling has enabled the preparation of motional ground states [4,5]. This has prompted researchers to study means of cooling a single mechanical resonator mode directly using laser radiation. Early work demonstrated cooling of a mechanical degree of freedom of a Fabry-Pérot mirror using a radiation pressure force controlled by an electronic feedback scheme [6,7], in analogy to stochastic cooling. In contrast, the radiation pressure induced coupling of an optical cavity mode to a mechanical oscillator [cf. Fig. 1(a)] can give rise to self-cooling via dynamical back-action [8]. In essence, the cavity delay induces correlations between the radiation pressure force and the thermal Brownian motion that lead to cooling or amplification, depending on the laser detuning. In a series of recent experiments, these effects have been used to cool a single mechanical mode [9,10,11]. While classical and semiclassical analysis of dynamical back-action have been developed [13,14], the question as to whether ground state cooling is possible has not been addressed.Here a quantum theory of cooling via dynamical backaction is presented. We find that final occupancies below unity can indeed be attained when the optical cavity's lifetime is comparable to or exceeds the mechanical oscillation period. Along these lines, an analogy between this mechanism and the sideband cooling of trapped ions in the Lamb-Dicke regime is elucidated [5]. In our setting the optical cavity mode plays the role of the ion's pseudospin mediating the frequency up-conversion underlying the cooling cycle. Finally, we discuss how the average phonon occupancy can be retrieved from the spectrum of the optical cavity output. We note that these results can be applied to a wide range of experimental realizations of cavity self-cooling [9,11,12].We treat the laser driven optical cavity mode coupled to the mechanical resonator mode as an open quantum system and adopt a rotating frame at the laser freq...

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Theory of Ground State Cooling of a Mechanical Oscillator Using Dynamical Backaction

et al. 2007

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“…One of the ground-based experiments, LIGO [24], is in operation and it is sensitive to the frequency between O(10) Hz and 10 4 Hz. The latest upper bound is Ω gw h 2 < 6.5 × 10 −5 around 100 Hz [25], and an upgrade of the experiment, Advanced LIGO, would reach sensitivities of O(10 −9 ).…”

Section: Gravitational Wavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gravitational waves as a probe of the gravitino mass

2008

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If gaugino condensations occur in the early universe, domain walls are produced as a result of the spontaneous breaking of a discrete R symmetry. Those domain walls eventually annihilate with one another, producing the gravitational waves. We show that the gravitational waves can be a probe for measuring the gravitino mass, if the constant term in the superpotential is the relevant source of the discrete R symmetry breaking.

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“…In recent years, optomechanical cooling of a mechanical resonator close to its quantum mechanical ground state has been an interesting topic for a wide range of fields of physics such as ultrahigh precision measurements [1] and the detection of gravitational waves [2]. It has also provided a good approach for fundamental studies of the transition between the quantum and the classical world [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controllability of optical bistability, cooling and entanglement in hybrid cavity optomechanical systems by nonlinear atom–atom interaction

Dalafi

Naderi

Soltanolkotabi

et al. 2013

J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys.

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We investigate the effects of atomic collisions as well as optomechanical mirror-field coupling on the optical bistability in a hybrid system consisting of a Bose-Einstein condensate inside a driven optical cavity with a moving end mirror. It is shown that the bistability of the system can be controlled by the s-wave scattering frequency which can provide the possibility of realizing a controllable optical switch. On the other hand, by studying the effect of the Bogoliubov mode, as a secondary mechanical mode relative to the mirror vibrations, on the cooling process as well as the bipartite mirror-field and atom-field entanglements we find an interpretation for the cooling of the Bogoliubov mode. The advantage of this hybrid system in comparison to the bare optomecanical cavity with a two-mode moving mirror is the controllability of the frequency of the secondary mode through the s-wave scattering interaction.

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LIGO: The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory

Cited by 2,027 publications

References 34 publications

Theory of Ground State Cooling of a Mechanical Oscillator Using Dynamical Backaction

Theory of Ground State Cooling of a Mechanical Oscillator Using Dynamical Backaction

Gravitational waves as a probe of the gravitino mass

Controllability of optical bistability, cooling and entanglement in hybrid cavity optomechanical systems by nonlinear atom–atom interaction

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