Lima Prinsip Istinbat Kontemporer sebagai Konklusi Pembaharuan dalam Teori Penetapan Hukum Islam

Abstract

Hukum Islam yang dalam penetapannya tidak dapat terlepas dari dalil-dalil al-Qur’an dan Sunnah yang bersifat terbatas, sedangkan kehidupan masyarakat terus berkembang dan dinamis. Oleh karena itu, pembaharuan dalam teori penetapan hukum Islam melalui pintu ijtihad dipandang menjadi penting untuk memecahkan berbagai problem mayarakat. Sejak abad I sampai VII H perkembangan metodologis ilmu usul fikih telah melahirkan lima aliran, yaitu: al-Syafi’iyyah, al-Hanafiyyah, al-Jam’i (gabungan antara keduanya), Takhrij al-Furu’ ‘ala al-Usul dan al-Syatibiyyah (al-Maqasidiyyah). Diilhami oleh metode Syatibi inilah geliat pembaharuan metode istinbat dalam ilmu usul fikih mulai berkembang, sehingga muncul beberapa pemikir muslim kontemporer seperti Fazlur Rahman, Mohammed Arkoun, Hasan Hanafi, Muhammad Syahrur, ‘Abdullah Ahmad al-Na’im, Riffat Hassan, dan lain-lain. Mereka semua menyorot secara tajam paradigma keilmuan Islamic studies, khususnya paradigma keilmuan usul fikih dan merekapun menyerukan pembaharuan (reformasi) dalam teori penetapan hukum Islam. Ada titik temu dari beberapa ide-ide pembaharuan dalam teori penetapan hukum Islam, yaitu lima prinsip istinbat sebagai berikut: Fiqh al-Maqasid atau al-Maslahah (prinsip maslahat); Fiqh al-Taghayyur atau al-Tajdid (prinsip pembaharuan); Fiqh al-Taysir (prinsip kemudahan); Fiqh al-Awlawiyyat (prinsip prioritas), dan Fiqh al-Waqi‘ (prinsip realitas).

The implementation of Maqashid Sharia: heterogeneity of scholars' fatwas towards Islamic banking contracts

“…While in a terminological view, it is defined as "the meanings (understanding) desired by the syâr'I (Allah and His Messenger) to be realized through tasyrî' and the determination of the laws that are istinbâth (taken) by the mujtahid through sharia texts" (Hanapi et al, 2022;Auda, 2008). Al-Juwaynî, whom some experts, such as Auda, consider to be the first scholar to offer the concept of maqâshid, sometimes refers to maqâshid al-syarî'ah with the term mashlahah 'âmmah (public benefit) (Arfan, 2015).…”

“…Islamic Law, which cannot be detached from religious arguments in its stipulation, suffers serious problems when facing rising problems, particularly when confronted with economic and business problems with its institutions, namely Islamic Banking because the two significant propositions of religion, as presented in Qur'ân and Sunnah writings, are restricted and stagnant, but people's lives are boundless and dynamic. As a result, renewing the theory of establishing Islamic law via the door of ijtihad is considered an alternative that may solve various societal problems (Arfan, 2015). Implementing maqâshid sharia components into fatwas on Islamic Banking products is one of the efforts to address this challenge (Taufik et al, 2023).…”