Limitations of the Application of Fourfold Table Analysis to Hospital Data

Berkson, Joseph

doi:10.2307/3002000

Cited by 1,642 publications

(569 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…The propensity to experience negative affect during recovery, however, usually diminishes rapidly as the period of abstinence increases (Brown & Schuckit, 1988;Davidson, 1995;de Timary et al, 2008;Driessen et al, 2001), suggesting that negative moods might be an acute consequence immediately following alcohol cessation that does not rise to the level of a diagnosable disorder. Another possible explanation for some differences in findings reported here and in treatment studies is that treatment samples likely include a preponderance of persons who have had multiple prior AUD episodes (Wang et al, 2005) and disorder comorbidities (Berkson, 1946;Low et al, 2008;Merikangas et al, 1996), and consist of individuals who are otherwise unrepresentative of persons who experience AUDs in the general population (Merikangas et al, 1994;Swendsen & Merikangas, 2000). Problem drinking and emotional disturbance in the present research were also operationalized at the disorder level of description, whereas the treatment studies summarized above often assessed anxiety or depressed mood with dimensional measures.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 54%

No Reliable Evidence That Emotional Disorders Are Proximal Antecedents, Concomitants, or Short-Term Consequences of First Episode Alcohol Use Disorders in a Representative Community Sample

Farmer

Seeley

Kosty

et al. 2017

J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs

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ABSTRACT. Objective: Emotional disorders and alcohol use disorders (AUDs) frequently demonstrate significant 12-month and lifetime comorbid associations. This comorbidity has been incorporated into influential theories of addiction processes that posit direct or indirect causal associations between these disorder categories. There is currently no consensus, however, about the sequencing of these disorders. In this research, longitudinal data from a regionally representative community sample were used to evaluate whether emotional disorders constitute a proximal antecedent, concomitant, or short-term consequence of first episode (or index) AUDs. Method: Participants were 131 persons with index AUD episodes lasting 12 months or more and 131 matched controls. For each participant with an AUD, the presence or absence of an emotional disorder was coded for three time intervals: (a) the 12 months preceding full syndrome AUD episode onset; (b) the last 12 months of the AUD episode; and (c) the 12 months following complete symptom AUD episode offset. These intervals, referenced to participant age, were matched to those of control participants, and emotional disorder rate comparisons subsequently performed both within and between groups. Results: Findings indicated an absence of significant within-or betweensubject differences in emotional disorder rates, suggesting that the association between AUDs and emotional disorders is neither directional nor systematic. There was also no indication that the length of the AUD episode increased risk for an emotional disorder in the year following AUD offset. Conclusions: Overall, this research suggests that emotional disorders are generally independent events in relation to the index AUD episode. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 78, 222-231, 2017)

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 54%

No Reliable Evidence That Emotional Disorders Are Proximal Antecedents, Concomitants, or Short-Term Consequences of First Episode Alcohol Use Disorders in a Representative Community Sample

Farmer

Seeley

Kosty

et al. 2017

J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs

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“…In part, this association can be attributed to referral bias in favour of mothers with more severe and complex disorders [17]. But the link is supported by the frequent observation that a mother who has formed a normal postpartum relationship with her infant can lose the ‘bond’ after the onset and for the duration of the depression [1].…”

Section: Causesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some of these mothers are not depressed [16], and, when they are, the severity and course of the two disorders differ. They are usually associated in the clinic, where the association will be enhanced by Berkson bias [17,18], but in the community the association is lower or even absent [19]. Their treatments [20,21,22] and, to some extent, their causes are different.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Rejection of the Young Child: Present Status of the Clinical Syndrome

Brockington¹

2011

Psychopathology

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This article reviews severe disorders of the mother-infant relationship involving emotional rejection of the infant in the first year of its life. Infants exposed to their mother’s hatred and rage may suffer far-ranging and long-term disadvantages, and are at risk of maltreatment. Diagnosis, therapy and research have been hampered by the lack of recognition of this clinical syndrome in the classifications. The imminent revision of these classificatory systems must include them.

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“…Amyloid in normal subjects could represent undiagnosed diabetes in the normal population since diabetes cannot be excluded retrospectively, and autopsy studies of hospital patients could include a bias to a diabetes-enriched population. The presence of islet amyloid in nondiabetics in autopsy-based studies may be spurious and based on sampling from biased populations (10,11). Islet amyloid also occurs spontaneously in the diabetic monkey Macaca nigra (12) and in the diabetic domestic cat (13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Purification and characterization of a peptide from amyloid-rich pancreases of type 2 diabetic patients.

Cooper

Willis

Clark

et al. 1987

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

1,174

750

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Deposition of amyloid in pancreatic islets is a common feature in human type 2 diabetic subjects but because of its insolubility and low tissue concentrations, the structure of its monomer has not been determined. We describe a peptide, of calculated molecular mass 3905 Da, that was a major protein component of amyloid-rich pancreatic extracts of three type 2 diabetic patients. After collagenase treatment, an extract containing 20-50% amyloid was solubilized by sonication into 70% formic acid and the peptide was purified by gel filtration followed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. We term this peptide diabetes-associated peptide, as it was not detected in extracts of pancreas from any of six normal subjects. Diabetes-associated peptide contains 37 amino acids and is 46% identical to the sequences of rat and human calcitonin gene-related peptide, indicating that these peptides are related in evolution. Sequence identities with conserved residues of the insulin A chain were also seen in a 16-residue segment. On extraction, the islet amyloid is particulate and insoluble like the core particles of Alzheimer disease. Their monomers have similar molecular masses, each having a hydropathic region that can probably form 13-pleated sheets.

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Limitations of the Application of Fourfold Table Analysis to Hospital Data

Cited by 1,642 publications

References 1 publication

No Reliable Evidence That Emotional Disorders Are Proximal Antecedents, Concomitants, or Short-Term Consequences of First Episode Alcohol Use Disorders in a Representative Community Sample

No Reliable Evidence That Emotional Disorders Are Proximal Antecedents, Concomitants, or Short-Term Consequences of First Episode Alcohol Use Disorders in a Representative Community Sample

Maternal Rejection of the Young Child: Present Status of the Clinical Syndrome

Purification and characterization of a peptide from amyloid-rich pancreases of type 2 diabetic patients.

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