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Frequencies of external and grossly visible liver tumors were high in brown bullheads Ictalurus nebulosus from Black River, an industrialized Lake Erie tributary. Skin and liver tumors were lacking in brown bullheads from Buckeye Lake, a reference site, and the incidence of lip tumors was low (<2%). Liver tumors, primarily cholangiocarcinomas, increased significantly (P < 0.05) with age in Black River brown bullheads, occurring in 28–44% of the 4‐year‐old fish collected in 1980–1982. External tumors did not increase consistently with age. Within year classes, the occurrence of grossly observable liver tumors was higher in fall than in spring. Liver tumor incidence was not correlated with sex. Organic contaminants were higher in brown bullheads from the Black River than in those from Buckeye Lake. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons were particularly high, including carcinogens such as benz[a]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). Limited electron microscopy of cholangiocarcinomas provided no evidence of virus. Since brown bullhead have the ability to hepatically activate B[a]P, and since B[a]P has been shown to induce cancer in fish, the hypothesis of a chemical etiology for the tumors in the Black River brown bullheads best fits the available data.
Frequencies of external and grossly visible liver tumors were high in brown bullheads Ictalurus nebulosus from Black River, an industrialized Lake Erie tributary. Skin and liver tumors were lacking in brown bullheads from Buckeye Lake, a reference site, and the incidence of lip tumors was low (<2%). Liver tumors, primarily cholangiocarcinomas, increased significantly (P < 0.05) with age in Black River brown bullheads, occurring in 28–44% of the 4‐year‐old fish collected in 1980–1982. External tumors did not increase consistently with age. Within year classes, the occurrence of grossly observable liver tumors was higher in fall than in spring. Liver tumor incidence was not correlated with sex. Organic contaminants were higher in brown bullheads from the Black River than in those from Buckeye Lake. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons were particularly high, including carcinogens such as benz[a]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). Limited electron microscopy of cholangiocarcinomas provided no evidence of virus. Since brown bullhead have the ability to hepatically activate B[a]P, and since B[a]P has been shown to induce cancer in fish, the hypothesis of a chemical etiology for the tumors in the Black River brown bullheads best fits the available data.
Water-quality and discharge measurements were made at three sites on Indian Run and one site on Little Rush Creek between February and December, 1979. Indian Run was observed above and below the U.S. Soil Conservation Service Reservoir, VI-D. Little Rush Creek was observed 1.1 miles downstream from the proposed U.S. Soil Conservation Reservoir, VIA , site. Data from the Indian Run sites were used to predict the potential water-quality conditions in and downstream from the proposed Little Rush Creek Reservoir. Temperatures measured in Indian Run at the reservoir outflow were as much as 4°C greater than those at the inflow. Dissolvedoxygen saturation ranged from 62 to 110 percent in the inflow and from 57 to 120 percent in the outflow. Indian Run and Little Push Creek are characterized by moderately hard to very hard calcium bicarbonate water. The concentration of dieldrin in water samples from both Little Rush Creek and the outflow from the reservoir on Indian Run was 0.01 micrograms per liter, and in reservoir-surface samples it was 0.02 micrograms per liter. Chlordane concentration in a bottom material sample from the reservoir was 26 micrograms per kilogram. Catfish taken from the reservoir contained 190 micrograms per kilogram chlordane. All sites showed a good diversity in benthic invertebrate communities. Blue-green algal blooms occurred in the reservoir, indicating nutrient-enriched conditions.
Water Resources Division, to evaluate sealing effects on surface-water and groundwater systems of the Big Four Hollow Creek and Sandy Run area just below the mine. Data were collected by private consultants in 1970-71 near the mouth of Big Four Hollow Creek (U.S. Geological Survey station 03201700). Results showed an average pH of 3.1 (calculated from mean hydrogen-ion concentration in moles per liter) and a pH range of 2.7 to 4.8. The estimated sulfate load was 1,000 pounds per day, and the estimated iron load was 100 pounds per day. Data collected in 1979, before dike construction at this site, showed a daily mean pH range of 3.4 to 5.4, with an average of 3.7, and a daily mean specific-conductance range of 160 to 600 microrrihos per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (.umho/cm), averaging 400. Again, the estimated sulfate load was 1,000 pounds per day, but the estimated iron load had decreased to 50 pounds per day. The first 6 months of postconstruction data from the site in 1980 showed a daily mean pH range of 4.5 to 6.8, with an average of 4.9, and a daily mean conductance range of 175 to 405 pmho/cm with average of 300. The estimated sulfate load had decreased to 570 pounds per day and the iron load to 8.5 pounds per day. Data collected during the first 6 months after construction indicate moderate improvement in water quality. However, acidic water is still being impounded behind the dike and seals and has not yet been flushed out by infiltrating rain and ground water. Because the system has not yet stabilized, no interpretation or conclusive statement can be made at this time.
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