Lindane, kepone and pentachlorobenzene: chloropesticides banned by Stockholm convention

Abstract

Persistent organic pollutants are a serious problem to the environment due to their toxicity to both fauna and flora. Extremely resistant to biodegradation and prone to transfer through long distances via atmosphere can contaminate almost any place in the planet. They tend to bioaccumulate in fat tissue due to their lipophilicity and seriously affect poisoned organism's nervous, hepatic, reproductive or hormonal system. Since 2009, due to the Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants production and utilisation of certain halogenated pesticides has been prohibited. This group includes hexachlorocyclohexane, chlordecone (kepone) and pentachlorobenzene. All of these chloropesticides pose a serious threat to environment, and careful control of their production and release to the environment is required. This paper is a review of physical and chemical properties as well as sources in environment, impact on animal organisms, methods of degradation of most broadly used chlorinated persistent organic pollutants and suggestions concerning their utilisation.

Effect of zero‐valent iron nanoparticles on the remediation of a clayish soil contaminated with γ‐hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane) in a bioelectrochemical slurry reactor

“…Concern about the deleterious effects of this insecticide on the environment and on human health led to restriction of its use in selected countries in the 1990s [ 9 ] and, in 2009, to the listing of lindane and concomitant products present in the technical formulae of lindane (alpha, beta, and delta cyclohexane isomers, HCH) by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. [ 9–12 ] The listing of HCH is a recognition of the global concern on the pollution legacy of lindane/HCH production and commercialization associated with numerous large HCH‐waste deposits, as well as the need for the proper remediation and closure of such sites.…”

Analysis of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Various Vegetable Oils Collected in Chinese Markets

“…Regarding chlorobenzenes, they are frequently used as solvents, raw materials, and intermediates for the production of pesticides and chlorinated phenols . At the industrial level, PeCB is primarily used as an additive to reduce the viscosity of polychlorinated biphenyls which are used as heat transfer agents. , Although the production and utilization of PeCB was banned in 2010, huge amounts are found in old electrical equipment . They are nowadays considered as the main source of PeCB released into the environment during many chemical or metallurgical processes.…”

“…30,31 Although the production and utilization of PeCB was banned in 2010, huge amounts are found in old electrical equipment. 32 They are nowadays considered as the main source of PeCB released into the environment during many chemical or metallurgical processes. Another important source of PeCB is the chloropesticide mixtures, of which it is a component.…”

Inverse Correlation between Lethality and Thermodynamic Stability of Contact Insecticide Polymorphs

“…There are particular issues of remediation of chlorocarbons associated with the manufacture of lindane. Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) were first produced by chlorination of benzene in sunlight by Faraday in 1825. , Lindane, first isolated from HCH in 1912, typically constitutes 12% of the stereoisomer mixture, but it is the only insecticide among eight separable stereoisomers, whereas the α- and β-isomers (1 R ,2 R ,3 R ,4 R ,5 S ,6 S -hexachloro­cyclohexane, CAS# 319–84–6, and 1 r ,2 r ,3 r ,4 r ,5 r ,6 r -hexachloro­cyclohexane, CAS# 319–85–7, respectively) are more toxic to mammals. − As much as 700 000 tons of lindane were used worldwide as a broad spectrum pesticide between 1950 and 2000. , This was accompanied by at least 5 million tons of waste hexachloro­cyclohexane isomers now scattered in mountainous dumps throughout the world . Therefore, lindane has been banned for agricultural use under the 2009 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants .…”

“…6−8 As much as 700 000 tons of lindane were used worldwide as a broad spectrum pesticide between 1950 and 2000. 9,10 accompanied by at least 5 million tons of waste hexachlorocyclohexane isomers now scattered in mountainous dumps throughout the world. 11 Therefore, lindane has been banned for agricultural use under the 2009 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.…”