Linear-Mode HgCdTe Avalanche Photodiodes 
for Photon-Counting Applications

Sullivan, William; Beck, Jeffrey; Scritchfield, Richard; Skokan, M. R.; Mitra, P.; Sun, Xiaoli; Abshire, James B.; Carpenter, Darren; Lane, Bill

doi:10.1007/s11664-015-3824-3

Cited by 24 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…4 are close to theoretical predictions and simulations. 4 Greater than OD4 is equivalent to optical transmission less than 10 -4 or < 0.01%. OD stands for "Optical Density".…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Right: 16-pixel mean PDE vs. FER showing ≥50% PDE across all pixels on both arrays at a FER of <200 kHz (A8327-14)[4].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Left: Measured gain vs. array at bias of 12.9 V. Right: Measured and fit gain vs. voltage curves on Pixel 1,1 of A8327-8-2[4].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The e-A iscernable[4].FC has made p add to the resuFig. 12is a plo ce of PDE vs. th a maximum PD 350 kHz, whic the choice of th…”

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confidence: 99%

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Linear mode photon counting from visible to MWIR with HgCdTe avalanche photodiode focal plane arrays

Sullivan¹,

Beck²,

Scritchfield³

et al. 2015

SPIE Proceedings

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Results of characterization data on linear mode photon counting (LMPC) HgCdTe electroninitiated avalanche photodiode (e-APD) focal plane arrays (FPA) are presented that reveal an improved understanding and the growing maturity of the technology. The first successful 2x8 LMPC FPA was fabricated in 2010 [1]. Since then a process validation lot of 2x8 arrays was fabricated. Five arrays from this lot were characterized that replicated the previous 2x8 LMPC array performance. In addition, it was unambiguously verified that readout integrated circuit (ROIC) glow was responsible for most of the false event rate (FER) of the 2010 array. The application of a single layer metal blocking layer between the ROIC and the detector array and optimization of the ROIC biases reduced the FER by an order of magnitude. Photon detection efficiencies (PDEs) of greater than 50% were routinely demonstrated across 5 arrays, with one array reaching a PDE of 70%. High resolution pixel-surface spot scans were performed and the junction diameters of the diodes were measured. The junction diameter was decreased from 31 µm to 25 µm resulting in a 2x increase in E-APD gain from 470 on the 2010 array to 1100 on one of the 2013 FPAs. Mean single photon signal to noise ratios of >12 were demonstrated at excess noise factors of 1.2-1.3. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) performed measurements on the delivered FPA that verified the PDE and FER data.

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“…4 are close to theoretical predictions and simulations. 4 Greater than OD4 is equivalent to optical transmission less than 10 -4 or < 0.01%. OD stands for "Optical Density".…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Right: 16-pixel mean PDE vs. FER showing ≥50% PDE across all pixels on both arrays at a FER of <200 kHz (A8327-14)[4].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Linear mode photon counting from visible to MWIR with HgCdTe avalanche photodiode focal plane arrays

Sullivan¹,

Beck²,

Scritchfield³

et al. 2015

SPIE Proceedings

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“…5 DRS also produced a set of 2 × 8 pixel prototype APD arrays with lower dark current and higher APD gains, which enabled LMPC. 1,6 Recently, DRS successfully integrated a 2 × 8-pixel HgCdTe APD FPA with a microlens array and a mini-Stirling cooler into an integrated detector cooler assembly (IDCA). 7,8 These new HgCdTe APD arrays and the IDCAs were characterized at both DRS and NASA GSFC and underwent environmental tests.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HgCdTe avalanche photodiode array detectors with single photon sensitivity and integrated detector cooler assemblies for space lidar applications

et al. 2019

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A HgCdTe avalanche photodiode (APD) focal plane array assembly with linear mode photon-counting capability has been developed for space lidar applications. An integrated detector cooler assembly (IDCA) has been built using a miniature Stirling cooler. A microlens array has been included to improve the fill factor. The HgCdTe APD has a spectral response from 0.9-to 4.3-μm wavelengths, a photon detection efficiency as high as 70%, and a dark count rate of <250 kHz at 110 K. The mass of the IDCA is 0.8 kg and the total electrical power consumption is about 7 W. The HgCdTe APD arrays have been characterized at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. A series of environmental tests have been conducted for the IDCAs, including vibration, thermal cycling, and thermal vacuum tests. A description of the device and the test results at NASA are given in this paper. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.

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Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) From Space – Laser Altimeters

Sun

2016

Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

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Light detection and ranging, or lidars, have emerged as a type of powerful tools in remote sensing from space. Compared with radars, lidars operate at a much shorter wavelength with a much narrower beam and smaller transmitter and receiver. Compared with passive remote sensing instruments, lidars carry their own light sources and can continue measurement day and night, and over polar region. Compared with spectrometers, lidars offer a much higher spectral resolution and consistent illumination and observation angles. This article gives a brief review of the development of space lidars used in planetary surface elevation and reflection measurements, including the history of laser altimeters in space, basic instrument design, and the trend of the technology development.

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Linear-Mode HgCdTe Avalanche Photodiodes for Photon-Counting Applications

Cited by 24 publications

References 5 publications

Linear mode photon counting from visible to MWIR with HgCdTe avalanche photodiode focal plane arrays

Linear mode photon counting from visible to MWIR with HgCdTe avalanche photodiode focal plane arrays

HgCdTe avalanche photodiode array detectors with single photon sensitivity and integrated detector cooler assemblies for space lidar applications

Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) From Space – Laser Altimeters

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