Linking graphene-based material physicochemical properties with molecular adsorption, structure and cell fate

Abstract

Graphene, an allotrope of carbon, consists of a single layer of carbon atoms with uniquely tuneable properties. As such, graphene-based materials (GBMs) have gained interest for tissue engineering applications. GBMs are often discussed in the context of how different physicochemical properties affect cell physiology, without explicitly considering the impact of adsorbed proteins. Establishing a relationship between graphene properties, adsorbed proteins, and cell response is necessary as these proteins provide the surface upon which cells attach and grow. This review highlights the molecular adsorption of proteins on different GBMs, protein structural changes, and the connection to cellular function.O ver the past decade, graphene and graphene-based materials (GBMs), such as graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (RGO), and their chemical derivatives, have gained substantial interest for the development of biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. The unique physicochemical properties of graphene and GBMs have been shown to significantly influence cell response, as previously reviewed 1,2 . In our previous review article, we highlighted the influence of GBM physical (roughness, topography, conductivity, and lateral dimension), chemical (wettability, surface functional moieties, and chemical interaction), and mechanical properties on cell response, without explicitly discussing how GBMs influence protein or biomolecular interaction 3 . The effect of graphene physicochemistry on biomolecular interactions of proteins has been reviewed separately 4-6 . Since proteins on biomaterial surfaces are a key mediator of subsequent cell behavior for nanomaterials 7-9 , the unique physicochemical properties of graphene offer exciting opportunities to control protein adsorption, orientation, conformation, and ultimately cell fate.The adsorbed protein distribution and conformation on biomaterial surfaces provide the cellinterfacing topographical, physical, and biochemical cues for cells to interact with and respond to a material 10 . Studies have demonstrated that a material's ability to adsorb proteins (e.g., albumin, vitronectin (Vn), fibronectin (Fn), collagen, and laminin) from the serum of cell culture media plays a vital role in cellular attachment and function 8,11 . Moreover, adsorption of the same protein but with different conformations, which exposes different domains to cells, has been

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