Linking Passive and Active Representation by Gender: The Case of Child Support Agencies

Wilkins, Vicky M.; Keiser, Lael R.

doi:10.1093/jopart/mui023

Cited by 241 publications

(228 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…These findings would be expected to hold true in similar types of organizations. Representative bureaucracy impacts at the same time have been found in federal regulatory agencies (Hindera, 1993), rural home loan offices (Selden, 1997), county-level child support enforcement offices (Wilkins and Keiser, 2001), and local police forces (Nicholson-Crotty and Meier, 2002). While the ability to generalize is always an empirical question, given that such influences have been found in this set of highly diverse agencies, many organizations would be expected to demonstrate the same multilevel governance relationships shown here for schools.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multilevel governance and organizational performance: Investigating the political‐bureaucratic labyrinth

Meier¹,

O’Toole²,

Nicholson‐Crotty³

2003

J Policy Anal Manage

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Research on governance has extensively explored the complex interactions of governmental, nongovernmental, and for-profit entities in the execution of public policy. It has consistently failed, however, to model empirically the joint effects of political and bureaucratic actors in governance systems. To address this issue, a theory of multilevel governance built upon the foundation of representative bureaucracy was developed and tested. Results from an analysis of Texas school districts suggest that Latinos at all levels of the governance system, political and managerial, influence representation at other levels. Findings also indicate that Latinos at each level of governance have positive effects, directly and indirectly, on outcomes for Latino students. The influence of both political and managerial actors at times extends beyond the immediately adjoining level; the effects of such actors cascade through the governance system. The results show that a priority for systematic research should be the identification of approaches and settings for examining the multilevel aspect of governance. © 2004 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multilevel governance and organizational performance: Investigating the political‐bureaucratic labyrinth

Meier¹,

O’Toole²,

Nicholson‐Crotty³

2003

J Policy Anal Manage

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“…This ideology is developed during organizational socialization and works against active representation (Rehfuss, 1986: 459). Other research which focused on women as a minority group was undertaken by Wilkins (2006), Wilkins and Keiser (2006) and Bowling et al (2006). In the former studies the researchers found that female child support enforcement supervisors provided active representation to female clients who directly benefited from increased child support collections.…”

Section: Gendered Bureaucracy: the Policementioning

confidence: 99%

Representative bureaucracy: does female police leadership affect gender-based violence arrests?

Johnston

Houston

2016

International Review of Administrative Sciences

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Representative bureaucracy theory postulates that passive representation leads to active representation of minority groups. This article investigates the passive representation of female police officers at leadership levels and the active representation of women vis-a-vis gender-based violence arrest rates in the UK. Much of the extant research on representative bureaucracy is located at street level, with evidence showing that discretionary power of minority bureaucrats can lead to active representation. This article is focused on leadership levels of a public bureaucracy. The empirical research is based upon a panel dataset of female police officers as an independent variable and gender-based violence arrest rates as a dependent variable. The analysis reveals that there is little evidence of active representation of women by female police leadership. Points for practitionersThe research offers policy and public service practitioners with empirical evidence to suggest that representation of minorities is mediated by organizational effects in public bureaucracies.

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“…Women and minorities in high-level positions are more likely to push for social welfare programmes (Keiser et al 2002;Riccucci and Meyers 2004;Wilkins 2006;Bradbury and Kellough 2007), which might link demographic or passive representation to substantive or active representation in specific areas (Dolan 2002;Keiser et al 2002;Riccucci and Meyers 2004;Meier and Nicholson-Crotty 2006;Wilkins and Keiser 2006). 10 Studies have found that women leaders and officeholders bring up different policy issues and solutions by exercising a different leadership style from that of their male counterparts (Fox and Schuhmann 2000;Carroll 2003;Mandell and Pherwani 2003).…”

Section: Gender and Welfare Politicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…passive representation, does not guarantee policy choices for minorities (Riccuci and Meyers 2004;Lim 2006;Bradbury and Kellough 2007); rather, active representation is needed. Active representation occurs when some specific conditions are met, such as critical mass of minority groups (Kanter 1977), policy discretion (Keiser et al 2002) and institutional context and policy areas (Wilkins and Keiser 2006). This line of reasoning leads us to a detailed hypothesis that expects a moderating effect on local welfare decisions when county leadership includes women supervisors.…”

Section: Gender and Welfare Politicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The politics of redistribution in local governments: the effect of gender representation on welfare spending in California counties

Park¹

2014

J. Pub. Pol.

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: This research explores the impact of gender representation at the state and local levels on redistributive choices. This research also examines whether female officeholders moderate the impact of the local economy and institution on welfare spending. Hypotheses are tested across 58 counties in California over ten years, between 2001 and 2010. According to the fixed effect models, women in state legislature had a positive effect on local welfare spending, while women on county boards had no significant effect. However, a positive moderating effect of women on county boards during economic hardship was found. Three categories of control variables include institutional factors, such as the introduction of Proposition 1A and county home rule; political factors, such as the political preference of each county's residents and strength of non-profit organisations; and socio-economic factors, such as intergovernmental revenue, unemployment rate and demographics. Counties with more intergovernmental revenue and supporters of Democratic presidential candidates are likely to spend more on welfare services.

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Linking Passive and Active Representation by Gender: The Case of Child Support Agencies

Cited by 241 publications

References 15 publications

Multilevel governance and organizational performance: Investigating the political‐bureaucratic labyrinth

Multilevel governance and organizational performance: Investigating the political‐bureaucratic labyrinth

Representative bureaucracy: does female police leadership affect gender-based violence arrests?

The politics of redistribution in local governments: the effect of gender representation on welfare spending in California counties

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