Links between patterns of racial socialization and discrimination experiences and psychological adjustment: A cluster analysis

Ajayi, Alex A.; Syed, Moin

doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.07.006

Cited by 15 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Adolescents of color with higher levels of cultural mistrust and preparation for racial bias were found to report greater overt discrimination and microaggression (Ajayi & Syed, 2014).…”

Section: Exploratory Analyses: Microaggression Versus Overt Discriminmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Most studies took place in the U.S. (k = 62), and others in India, the Netherlands, South Africa, and Spain (k = 10). Racial microaggression was the most frequently studied motivation for subtle discrimination (e.g., Ajayi & Syed, 2014;Hu & Taylor, 2016;Thai, Lyons, Lee, & Iwasaki, 2017;Torres et al, 2010), followed by LGBTQ microaggression (e.g., Kulick, Wernick, Figure 3 shows the univariate effect size estimates and their 95% confidence intervals of our 72 study samples, as well as the weighted mean correlation between microaggression and adjustment outcomes. Using the standard meta-analysis approach, we found a statistically significant summary effect, r = .20 (95% CI = .16-.23), z = 12.23 p < .001.…”

Section: Sample Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Associations between microaggression and adjustment outcomes: A meta-analytic and narrative review.

Lui

Quezada

2019

Psychological Bulletin

155

119

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Microaggression has been considered a form of stressor that negatively affects people with marginalized statuses. Research shows variability in how microaggression is measured, and the extent to which it is associated with adjustment outcomes. A new cube model was proposed to conceptualize microaggression across social groups, interpersonal and group-level interactions, and categories of incidents. Synthesizing findings from published and unpublished studies, this study was aimed to examine the relations between microaggression and adjustment outcomes. Meta-analyses quantified the study-level correlations between microaggression and various adjustment outcomes, and estimated the degree to which methodological and individual factors explained between-study variability. Using 72 independent study samples (N = 18,718), omnibus analysis with a random-effects model showed a statistically significant summary correlation between microaggression and adjustment outcomes (r = .20, 95% CI = .16-.23, p < .001). Between-study variability (Q = 319.86, p < .001, t 2 = .01, I 2 = 77.80%) was explained by gender, race, and publication status. Except for gender microaggression, racial, LGBTQ, and health status microaggressions were associated with adjustment outcomes. Microaggression was relatively more strongly associated with internalizing problems, stress/negative affect, and positive affect/adjustment than with externalizing problems and physical symptoms. Adjustment outcomes were more closely linked to interpersonal microaggression than group microaggression, and to microassault than microinsult and microinvalidation. Narrative reviews showed that very few studies tested whether microaggression predicted adjustment outcomes above and beyond overt discrimination and individual difference factors, and examined the indirect mechanisms that may link microaggression to adjustment outcomes. Limitations to the scope of this research synthesis and future research directions are discussed.

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“…Adolescents of color with higher levels of cultural mistrust and preparation for racial bias were found to report greater overt discrimination and microaggression (Ajayi & Syed, 2014).…”

Section: Exploratory Analyses: Microaggression Versus Overt Discriminmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Sample Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Associations between microaggression and adjustment outcomes: A meta-analytic and narrative review.

Lui

Quezada

2019

Psychological Bulletin

155

119

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A total of 13 studies examined profiles of family ethnic–racial socialization (i.e., Ajayi & Syed, ; Caughy et al, ; Cooper, Smalls‐Glover, Metzger, & Griffin, ; Dunbar et al, ; Granberg, Edmond, Simons, Gibbons, & Lei, ; Kiang et al, ; Kim, Chen, Hou, Zeiders, & Calzada, ; McGill, Hughes, Alicea, & Way, ; Richardson et al, ; Smalls, ; Smalls & Cooper, ; Varner et al, ; White‐Johnson, Ford, & Sellers, ). Collectively, findings from these studies suggest that the most meaningful conclusions and insights regarding the implications of family ethnic–racial socialization for youth adjustment will not come from understanding how any single ethnic–racial socialization approach in isolation is linked with adjustment but, rather, in understanding how different strategies in combination have consequences for youth adjustment.…”

Section: Methodological Advances and Insightsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethnic–Racial Socialization in the Family: A Decade's Advance on Precursors and Outcomes

Umaña‐Taylor¹,

Hill²

2020

J of Marriage and Family

318

363

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In the current decade, the U.S. population reached historically high levels of ethnic–racial diversity and reelected the nation's first Black–White biracial President. Simultaneously, scholars also documented significant ethnic–racial inequities in education, increased xenophobia, and a racial climate that revealed deep‐seated ethnic–racial tensions. Given this backdrop and acknowledging the significant role that families play in youths' abilities to navigate their social contexts, the current review focused on the literature on families' ethnic–racial socialization efforts with youth from the 2010 decade. Our review of 259 empirical articles revealed that there has been an exponential increase in research on family ethnic–racial socialization in this decade. Furthermore, although it is clear that family ethnic–racial socialization is a robust predictor of youths' adjustment, the associations between socialization and adjustment must be considered with attention to specific socialization strategies, the confluence of strategies used, and the unique contexts within which families' lives are embedded.

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“…Perceived discrimination is conceptualized as the behavioral manifestation of racism, the organized system (a) underpinned by an ideology of inferiority in which certain racial groups are positioned as culturally inferior to a dominate group and (b) supported by social norms and institutions that implement this ideology (Williams & Mohammed, 2010). Perceived racial discrimination among African Americans and other racial minorities has been linked to a number of negative physical and psychological outcomes, including psychological distress, increased symptoms of depression, antisocial behaviors, heightened and more negative physiological stress responses, heightened hypertension risk, increased participation in unhealthy behaviors, and decreased participation in healthy behaviors (Ajayi & Syed, 2014;Pascoe & Richman, 2009;Williams & Mohammed, 2010).…”

Section: Minority Stress Theory and Internalized Oppression: Contributions And Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Stigma Gets Under the Skin: Internalized Oppression and Dual Minority Stress Among Black Sexual Minorities

Aa¹,

Syed²

2021

Preprint

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The purpose of this chapter is to examine the links between oppressive social conditions and psychological well-being among Black sexual minorities. In particular, we examine the nature and process by which members of marginalized groups may come to internalize the negative messages about their non-dominant social identity (i.e., internalized oppression). Given that Black sexual minorities are simultaneously subjugated to systems of oppression based on their race and their sexuality, they will experience what we have termed “dual minority stress”. By examining the narratives of 15 Black sexual minorities, we provide empirical support for the dual minority stress model and shed light on the characteristics of internalized oppression and the social conditions by which oppression is internalized. Specifically, our findings point to three important manifestations of internalized oppression: psychological maladjustment, acting-out mechanisms, and identity disintegration. We also identify three mechanisms by which oppression becomes internalized: notions of prototypicality, socio-political invisibility, and the absence of counterspaces. Overall, our findings highlight unique psychological experiences that exist where multiple subordinate-group identities interact and note the important links between social context and the self.

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Links between patterns of racial socialization and discrimination experiences and psychological adjustment: A cluster analysis

Cited by 15 publications

References 55 publications

Associations between microaggression and adjustment outcomes: A meta-analytic and narrative review.

Associations between microaggression and adjustment outcomes: A meta-analytic and narrative review.

Ethnic–Racial Socialization in the Family: A Decade's Advance on Precursors and Outcomes

How Stigma Gets Under the Skin: Internalized Oppression and Dual Minority Stress Among Black Sexual Minorities

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