Links between race/ethnicity and cultural values as mediated by racial/ethnic identity and moderated by gender.

Abstract

Two studies examined whether individualism (orientation toward one's own welfare), collectivism (orientation toward the welfare of one's larger community), and familism (orientation toward the welfare of one's immediate and extended family) are distinct cultural values predicted by race/ ethnicity. The 3 constructs proved to be separate dimensions, although collectivism and familism were positively correlated. In Study 1, persons of color scored higher on collectivism and familism than did Anglos. No differences emerged for individualism. Also, persons of color scored higher than Anglos on racial/ethnic identity, which in turn was a positive predictor of all 3 cultural values. In Study 2, we replicated the group differences on collectivism and familism for men but not for women.

The "I," the "we," and the "when": A meta-analysis of motivational primacy in self-definition.

“…On self-description tasks, participants generate more aspects of their individual self than their collective self regardless of levels of collectivism and individualism (Gaertner et al, 1999, Investigation 4;Ybarra & Trafimow, 1998, Experiment 3) and culture of origin (Trafimow et al, 1991). Furthermore, persons of color (i.e., African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos) score higher than do Anglos on measures of collectivism, yet they score just as high as Anglos on measures of individualism (Freeberg & Stein, 1996;Gaines et al, 1997).…”

Evaluating the Psychometric Properties of the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) within the United Kingdom

“…However, given that neither the 1-factor model nor the 2-factor model provided an acceptable fit, the results of this comparison are insufficient to justify accepting either model (unlike Phinney & Ong, 2007). In order to obtain a 1-factor or a 2-factor model with adequate fit to the data, we would have needed to add several unexpected instances of uncorrelated measurement error (as did Avery et al, 2007;Gaines et al, 1997;and Roberts et al, 1999). Although the addition of uncorrelated measurement error terms can be justified in some cases (Kline, 2005), we decided not to employ this technique.…”

“…Various researchers in the U.S. (e.g., Avery et al, 2007;Gaines et al, 1997;Ponterotto et al, 2003) similarly have concluded that the MEIM measures overall (i.e., global) ethnic identity.…”

“…(e.g., Avery et al, 2007;Gaines et al, 1997;Pegg & Plybon, 2005;Ponterotto et al, 2003;Reese, Vera, & Paikoff, 1998;Spencer, Icard, Harachi, Catalano, & Oxford, 2000;Yancey, Aneshensel, & Driscoll, 2001). Debates concerning the psychometric properties of the MEIM usually have focused on the factor structure of the MEIM, especially regarding the presence of one versus two underlying dimensions.…”

“…The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM; Phinney, 1992;Phinney & Alipuria, 1990) has emerged as the most widely used measure of ethnic identity within as well as outside the U.S. (for examples within the U.S., see Avery, Tonidandel, Thomas, Johnson, & Mack, 2007;Gaines, Marelich, Bledsoe, Steers, Henderson, Granrose, et al, 1997;Ponterotto, Gretchen, Utsey, Stracuzzi, & Saya, 2003; for examples outside the U.S., see Dandy et al, 2008;Verkuyten & Yildiz, 2006). In the present study, we evaluated the psychometric properties of the 12-item version of the MEIM (Roberts et al, 1999) across multiple ethnic groups within the U.K. We sought to determine whether a 1-factor solution (i.e., a single dimension of ethnic identity; Phinney & Alipuria, 1990) or a 2-factor solution (i.e., Exploration and Commitment as two correlated yet distinct dimensions of ethnic identity; Roberts et al, 1999) provided optimal fit to the data.…”