Two studies examined whether individualism (orientation toward one's own welfare), collectivism (orientation toward the welfare of one's larger community), and familism (orientation toward the welfare of one's immediate and extended family) are distinct cultural values predicted by race/ ethnicity. The 3 constructs proved to be separate dimensions, although collectivism and familism were positively correlated. In Study 1, persons of color scored higher on collectivism and familism than did Anglos. No differences emerged for individualism. Also, persons of color scored higher than Anglos on racial/ethnic identity, which in turn was a positive predictor of all 3 cultural values. In Study 2, we replicated the group differences on collectivism and familism for men but not for women.

Success of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) relies on HIV-infected patients being able to adhere to complicated treatment regimens for extremely long periods of time. Four focus groups with patients taking antiretrovirals (N = 39) were conducted to: (1) determine what strategies facilitate successful adherence; (2) determine what barriers prevent adherence; and (3) investigate the health-care provider and patient relationship and how it may impact adherence. Quantitative and qualitative information was gathered. Participants were prescribed an average of 15 pills per day (M = 14.7, SD = 6.3, range 4 to 36). Findings from the quantitative data revealed that the three strategies used most often to aid adherence were: carrying special containers for medication; having a health-care provider explain or clarify medication requirements; and carrying food and water for adherence to special instructions. The most difficult barriers for patients were sleeping through dose time, problems in following special instructions, and changes in daily routines. From the qualitative data, four main categories of barriers and aids to adherence emerged: patient characteristics, the health-care provider-patient relationship, the health-care system, and issues related to the medication regimen. Barriers related to the health care provider-patient relationship included patient satisfaction with their provider, as well as quality of communication with the provider. In addition, health-care system barriers caused difficulty in maintaining adherence. Implications for patient as well as provider interventions are discussed.

Objective-The Teaching, Raising, And Communicating with Kids (TRACK) program was a longitudinal pilot-trial intervention designed to assist mothers living with HIV (MLH) to disclose their serostatus to their young children (age 6 -12 years).Method-MLH and child dyads (N = 80 dyads) were recruited and randomized to intervention or control; the intervention group had three individual sessions and one follow-up phone call. The sessions focused on preparing MLH for disclosure through behavioral exercises utilizing Derlaga's model of HIV-disclosure. Both MLH and their child were assessed across multiple time-points (baseline, 3-, 6-, and 9-months) regarding disclosure of HIV status, and specific outcome variables (i.e., relationship context, mother's health, child's mental health, and family outcomes).Results-MLH in the intervention group were six times more likely to disclose their HIV status than those in the control group (O.R. 6.33, 95% C.I.: 1.64 -24.45), with 33% disclosing in the intervention group compared to 7.3% in the control group. MLHs in the intervention group showed increases in disclosure self-efficacy across time, increased communication with their child, and improvement in emotional functioning. Children of MLHs in the intervention group exhibited reductions in depression and anxiety, and increases in happiness.Conclusions-TRACK was found to be successful in helping MLH disclose their HIV status to their children, with positive outcomes noted for both MLH and their children. KeywordsHIV; mothers; intervention; disclosure An estimated 33 million people were living with HIV in 2007 (UNAIDS, 2008. Women account for half of all people living with HIV, and this percentage has remained stable for the past several years. Thus, women are one of the groups now at the forefront of HIV, and Correspondence: Debra A. Murphy, Ph.D., Health Risk Reduction Projects, Department of Psychiatry, UCLA, 11075 Santa Monica Blvd., Suite 200, Los Angeles, Phone: (310) 312-0552, dmurphy@mednet.ucla.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: The following manuscript is the final accepted manuscript. It has not been subjected to the final copyediting, fact-checking, and proofreading required for formal publication. It is not the definitive, publisher-authenticated version. The American Psychological Association and its Council of Editors disclaim any responsibility or liabilities for errors or omissions of this manuscript version, any version derived from this manuscript by NIH, or other third parties. The published version is available at www.apa.org/pubs/journals/ccp NIH Public Access Author Manuscript J Consult Clin Psychol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 April 1. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript are most often the primary caregivers in families (Weiner, Battles, & Heilman, 1998). An HIV diagnosis impacts not only mothers as individuals, but also affects how they care for their families (Schmidt & Goggin, 2002).Many mothers choose not to tell their young children about their ...

This study was conducted in order to help determine the key factors that predict adherence to antiretroviral medications. A total of 115 HIV/AIDS patients who were having trouble adhering to their antiretroviral regimens completed face-to-face interviews in which adherence levels, medication side effects, mental health, social support, patient-provider relationship characteristics, substance use and health anxiety were assessed. Three measures of adherence were used: adherence over the past three days, adherence over the past week, and adherence over the past month. Logistic regression analyses indicated strongest prediction of three-day adherence, with mental health, social support, patient-provider relationship characteristics and side effects contributing to prediction. Past week adherence was associated with age and social support measures, and showed a marginal association with side effects. Past month adherence was less strongly predicted, with social support and alcohol use contributing to prediction. Thus, a variety of factors were found to determine adherence, and implications of the findings for adherence models and interventions are discussed.

The purpose of this study was to examine how perceived attitudinal similarity (measured as similarity in general outlook, values, and problem‐solving approach) and demographic similarity operationalized as similarity in race and gender, affected protégés' support and satisfaction from their informal mentoring relationships. Scandura and Katerberg's (1988) 3‐factor scale of mentor functions was used to measure vocational, psychosocial, and role‐modeling support. Participants were 144 protégés from diverse backgrounds (54% female; 54% non‐White). Perceived attitudinal similarity was a better predictor of protégés' satisfaction with and support received from their mentors than was demographic similarity.