Lip morphometry in 600 North Indian adults: a data base study for sexual dimorphism

Abstract

The study comprised lip morphometry of 600 North Indian adults (300 males and 300 females). The aim of the study was to create base data of various linear and vertical measurements of the upper and lower lips and width of the mouth. This standard may serve as a guideline for sexual dimorphism as well as for restoration or enhancement of esthetic and plastic surgery for the lips in the north Indian population, which will enable the surgeon to offer a better cosmetic result. Prior informed written consent from all the subjects was obtained. The exclusion and inclusion criteria for the subjects were predefined. The analysis shows the sexual dimorphism in most parameters of lips being greater in males. The results were compared with the available data for north white Americans, Malays, Malaysian Indians, Italians, western Indians and Caucasians. In the population under study, the measurements differ in all dimensions with Malays, Italians and Caucasians and show resemblance to the Malaysian Indians. Knowledge of the proportion between the upper and lower lips helps in surgical correction of the region. This study highlights the applied significance of observations of the present study to forensic, namely racial and sex dimorphic, criteria of identification.

Photogrammetric Analysis of Orolabial Region in South Indians

“…6 The philtrum width of both South Indians and HC females was almost identical. 5 In accordance with other studies, 4,5,8 upper and lower lips were significantly longer in males than females, but the difference was not clinically significant. Both the upper and lower lips of South Indians were significantly shorter than HC 4 and NAW.…”

“…16 The mouth of South Indians appears to be significantly narrower than NAWs 5 and wider than HC 6 ; the mouth was also narrower in other ethnic groups like Malaysian Indians 7 and North Indians 8 than the South Indians in both the sexes. [4][5][6][7][8][9] Moreover, the mouth width mean values of South Indians was almost similar to Chinese Americans (both sexes) 9 and identical to Malaysian males. 7 The philtrum plays a pivot role in facial expressions and it is related to vertical facial proportion and upper incisor show.…”

“…The lower lip vermilion show was greater than the upper vermilion in both sexes, and they were significantly greater in male than in female, which is in good accord with other studies. 4,5,8,9 However, on profile view, the lower lip is more posteriorly placed than the upper lip relative to nose and chin (rickets E-pane) in both the sexes, and the lips were more protruded in females than males. The prominence and protrusion of lip may also be due to greater midfacial height and convex facial profile.…”

Lip Anthropometry of Healthy Turkish Young Adults

“…For these reasons, anthropometric measurements related to the lips have been examined in various studies (Supplementary Digital Content, Table 1, http://links.lww.com/SCS/D25 and Supplementary Digital Content, Table 2, http://links.lww.com/SCS/D26). 1,4,10,18–43 Also, multiple ratios were calculated using these parameters 2,10,16,44–49 . In these studies, it is seen that the Frankfort horizontal plane or natural head position is generally used 11,17,19 .…”

“…There are many studies in the literature that examine lower lip height (st-sl), 19,20,26,[29][30][31]37 upper lip height (sn-st), 1,10,[19][20][21]26,27,[29][30][31][32][37][38][39] philtrum length (sn-ls), 1,10,18,19,26,30,31,36,38,39,42,53 upper vermilion height (ls-st), 1,10,19,20,[29][30][31]33,[37][38][39]53 lower vermilion height (list), 1,10,19,20,[29][30][31]…”