Lipid‐coated bismuth nanoflower as the thermos‐radio sensiti for therapy of lung metastatic breast cancer: Preparation, optimisation, and characterisation

Abstract

Lung metastatic breast cancer (LMBC) leads to a large number of deaths in women with breast cancer, and radiotherapy has been considered the common assay for tumour therapy except for surgery. However, radiotherapy still faces problems of low efficiency due to resistance and easily induced side effects. Here, the authors designed lipid‐decorated bismuth‐based nanoflowers (DP‐BNFs) as both a radiosensitiser and a photothermal therapy agent for LMBC treatment. The BNFs were prepared by oxidation of bismuth nitrate and subsequent reduction using sodium borohydride. The preparation parameters and formulation of DP‐BNFs were optimised via a single‐factor experiment, with the factors including reaction temperature, a molar ratio of reducing agents, and the types and amount of decorated lipid materials. The result indicated that the BNFs prepared at 170°C with the Bi/NaBH 4 ratio of 1:0.7 exhibited the best yield and particle size around 160 nm. After being spray dried with lactose to prepare dry powder inhalation (DP‐BNF@Lat‐MPs), their effects on improving therapeutic efficiency of the radiotherapy and photothermal therapy combination were measured using the western blot assay to determine the tumour apoptosis. In a word, DP‐BNF@Lat‐MPs could be a novel inhalable integrated microsphere that provides a new possibility for thermoradiotherapy of LMBC.

Lipid Nanoparticles in Lung Cancer Therapy

“…These nanoflowers enhanced the therapeutic efficiency of both radiotherapy and photothermal therapy, indicating their potential as a multifunctional tool in the treatment of metastatic cancers. The lipid coating contributes to the biocompatibility and effective delivery of the nanoflowers, optimizing their interaction with cancer cells [7].…”

“…Thermo-radiotherapy for lung metastatic breast cancer [7] Chlorin-lipid nanovesicle, 131I-labeled bovine serum albumin Chlorin e6 (Ce6), 131I Synergistic radiotherapy and Cerenkov radiation-induced photodynamic therapy [8] Lipid nanoparticles coated with TRAIL Apo2-Ligand/TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) Induces apoptosis in tumor cells, overcomes resistance to soluble recombinant TRAIL [84] Solid lipid nanoparticles B13 (D-NMAPPD, a ceramidase inhibitor)…”

“…Furthermore, specific issues, such as the poor prognosis in metastatic renal cell carcinoma with lung metastasis [6] and the inefficiency of radiotherapy in treating lung metastatic breast cancer [7], underline the urgent need for targeted and effective therapies. These concerns are aggravated by the limited penetration depth of traditional photodynamic therapy in treating deep-seated tumors [8], which calls for novel delivery systems that can overcome such physical and biological barriers.…”

A novel therapeutic outlook: Classification, applications and challenges of inhalable micron/nanoparticle drug delivery systems in lung cancer (Review)

“…When exposed to light of specific wavelengths, the photothermal agents are activated to induce tumor cell destruction ( 88 ). Xue et al ( 89 ) devised a lipid-modified bismuth-based nanoflower, which was subsequently transformed into a dry powder inhaler, DP-BNF@Lat-MPs, using lactose spray-drying method after optimizing the preparation parameters. After assessing the expression levels of cleaved caspase-3, HSP70 and p-p65 within the respective cell groups, it was demonstrated that under the coexistence of near-infrared light (NIR) and infrared light (IR), the nanoparticles effectively facilitated the activation of the NF-κB pathway in tumor cells and induced cellular apoptosis ( 89 ).…”

“…Xue et al ( 89 ) devised a lipid-modified bismuth-based nanoflower, which was subsequently transformed into a dry powder inhaler, DP-BNF@Lat-MPs, using lactose spray-drying method after optimizing the preparation parameters. After assessing the expression levels of cleaved caspase-3, HSP70 and p-p65 within the respective cell groups, it was demonstrated that under the coexistence of near-infrared light (NIR) and infrared light (IR), the nanoparticles effectively facilitated the activation of the NF-κB pathway in tumor cells and induced cellular apoptosis ( 89 ). Another study investigated the therapeutic efficacy on lung metastasis breast cancer mice using similar material compositions under NIR/IR irradiation.…”