Lipid Fractions, Fatty Acid Profiles, and Bioactive Compounds of Lithospermum officinale L. Seeds

Abstract

Seeds of Lithospermum officinale L. from different climatic zones were analyzed for new sources of γ-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3n-6) and stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4n-3). Cultured Borago officinalis was also analyzed for comparative purposes. Analyses were conducted for fatty acid (FA) profiles of the glyceride oils from the seeds and in the neutral and polar lipids by gas chromatography (GC); lipid classes by open column chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC); and tocopherols, sterols, and phenolic compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD), and the later compounds were confirmed by liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).L. officinale from St. Petersburg Botanical Garden showed the highest percentage of GLA (17.9% of total FA), while wildgrowing L. officinale from the Rostov region contained the highest percentage of SDA (17.2% of total FA). Total FA content ranged from 11.3 to 20.8% of seed weight. Neutral and polar lipids accounted for~98 and 2.27%, respectively, of total lipids. Five neutral lipid classes were identified (% of NL): triterpene esters (1.3), triacylglycerols (93.1), free FA (1.8), diacylglycerols (1.4), and monoacylglycerols (2.4). The highest tocopherol content was found in samples from Chechen Republic (35.7 mg/100 g), in which the δ isomer was the main component. Samples from the Rostov region had the highest amounts of sterols (83.8 mg/100 g), and Δ 5 -avenasterol was the predominant compound in all samples. L. officinale seeds contain high amounts of phenolic compounds (389.9 mg/100 g as upper limit), in which rosmarinic acid is highlighted. Overall, all data suggest the possibility of using L. officinale seed oil in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulae and as functional food.

A Comprehensive Study for Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Selected Biological Materials: A Review

“…The HPLC-DAD method was found beneficial for determination of phenolic compounds, whose accumulation in the oil might be problematic for human health, such as tyrosol, along with the official method of the International Olive Oil Council (2009) by Ozbek et al [ 117 ]. Moreover, fatty acid profiles of seed oils were investigated with HPLC-DAD for evaluation of the quality of the oils as bioactive-rich compounds (tocopherols, phytosterols, and others) by Ozbek et al [ 117 ] and Lyashenko et al [ 118 ]. Yuenyong et al [ 119 ] experimented with the effectiveness of HPLC-DAD via an analysis of 50 different plant oils (0.5 g), which were diluted with dichloromethane until reaching the final volume of 1.00 mL.…”

Exploring the Pharmacological Potential of Lithospermum officinale L.: A Review of Phytochemicals and Ethnomedicinal Uses

“…Phenolics (phenolic acids) caffeic acid [38] lithospermic acid [65] antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobia anticancer, cardioprotective, neuroprotectiv [66] caffeic acid [38] antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobia anticancer (inhibits), neuroprotective, cardioprotective [67] chlorogenic acid [38] antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, weight loss antidiabetic, neuroprotective, cardioprotective [67] Flavonoids luteolin-7 betaglucuronide [38] antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic neuroprotective, cardioprotective [68][69][70] Flavonoids rutin [71] antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic vasoprotective, neuroprotective, cardioprotective [72] Lipids (fatty acids) γ-linolenic acid [73] anti-inflammatory, skin health, hormonal balance, immune system support [74][75][76] antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer (inhibits), neuroprotective, cardioprotective [67] chlorogenic acid [38] lithospermic acid [65] antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrob anticancer, cardioprotective, neuroprotect [66] caffeic acid [38] antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrob anticancer (inhibits), neuroprotective, cardioprotective [67] chlorogenic acid [38] antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, weight lo antidiabetic, neuroprotective, cardioprotective [67] Flavonoids luteolin-7 betaglucuronide [38] antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiallerg neuroprotective, cardioprotective [68-70…”

“…It also plays a role in promoting skin health, as it contributes to the maintenance of the skin's natural barrier function and hydration. Additionally, GLA is involved in hormonal balance, particularly in women, and supports the immune system, aiding in its proper functioning [74][75][76].…”