Lipids of Archaeal Viruses

Roine, Elina; Bamford, Dennis H.

doi:10.1155/2012/384919

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 73 publications

(169 reference statements)

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“…Most likely, the lipids are principal components of the envelope of the virion core. Notably, similar selectivity toward particular lipid species has been observed in several other archaeal viruses (38)(39)(40).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 76%

A Novel Type of Polyhedral Viruses Infecting Hyperthermophilic Archaea

Liu

Ishino

et al. 2017

J Virol

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Encapsidation of genetic material into polyhedral particles is one of the most common structural solutions employed by viruses infecting hosts in all three domains of life. Here, we describe a new virus of hyperthermophilic archaea, Sulfolobus polyhedral virus 1 (SPV1), which condenses its circular double-stranded DNA genome in a manner not previously observed for other known viruses. The genome complexed with virion proteins is wound up sinusoidally into a spherical coil which is surrounded by an envelope and further encased by an outer polyhedral capsid apparently composed of the 20-kDa virion protein. Lipids selectively acquired from the pool of host lipids are integral constituents of the virion. None of the major virion proteins of SPV1 show similarity to structural proteins of known viruses. However, minor structural proteins, which are predicted to mediate host recognition, are shared with other hyperthermophilic archaeal viruses infecting members of the order Sulfolobales. The SPV1 genome consists of 20,222 bp and contains 45 open reading frames, only one-fifth of which could be functionally annotated.IMPORTANCE Viruses infecting hyperthermophilic archaea display a remarkable morphological diversity, often presenting architectural solutions not employed by known viruses of bacteria and eukaryotes. Here we present the isolation and characterization of Sulfolobus polyhedral virus 1, which condenses its genome into a unique spherical coil. Due to the original genomic and architectural features of SPV1, the virus should be considered a representative of a new viral family, "Portogloboviridae."KEYWORDS archaea, hyperthermophile, viral genome, virion structure O ne of the most unexpected results of recent studies on viral diversity is the unveiling of astounding morphological variety of DNA viruses in geothermal environments with temperatures exceeding 80°C (1). Hardly over two dozen viruses isolated from such environments, all parasitizing hyperthermophilic members of the domain Archaea, display diverse virion shapes, many of which have not been observed among viruses from the two other domains of life, Bacteria and Eukarya. Due to distinct genome compositions and peculiar morphological properties of these viruses, 11 new virus families were established by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) for the classification of these viruses (1-4).The remarkable morphological diversity of hyperthermophilic archaeal viruses radically contrasts the limited structural diversity of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses of Bacteria, nearly all of which, with the exception of several pleomorphic species, have icosahedral particles, with or without helical tails (5). The existing picture seems to accurately reflect the actual differences between bacterial and archaeal viruses. The morphological landscape of bacterial viruses is formed by more than six thousand species, whereas that of hyperthermophilic archaeal viruses is formed by only a couple of dozen known species. Moreover, while no new morpho...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 76%

A Novel Type of Polyhedral Viruses Infecting Hyperthermophilic Archaea

Liu

Ishino

et al. 2017

J Virol

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“…Samples are commonly treated with chloroform in order to disrupt mitochondrial, bacterial and eukaryotic membranes and release their DNA, which is subsequently removed by DNase digestion (Thurber et al, 2009). Unfortunately, chloroform treatment also renders DNA from the many enveloped viruses with lipid membranes (Ono, 2010;Roine and Bamford, 2012) subject to DNase digestion. Despite the precautions above, virus metagenomes typically contain many sequences with homology to only prokaryotic or eukaryotic genes (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine viruses, a genetic reservoir revealed by targeted viromics

2013

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Metagenomics has opened new windows on investigating viral diversity and functions. Viromic studies typically require large sample volumes and filtration through 0.2 lm pore-size filters, consequently excluding or under-sampling tailed and very large viruses. We have optimized a targeted viromic approach that employs fluorescence-activated sorting and whole genome amplification to produce dsDNA-enriched libraries from discrete viral populations from a 1-ml water sample. Using this approach on an environmental sample from the Patagonian Shelf, we produced three distinct libraries. One of the virus libraries was dominated (79.65% of sequences with known viral homology) by giant viruses from the Mimiviridae and Phycodnaviridae families, while the two other viromes were dominated by smaller phycodnaviruses, cyanophages and other bacteriophages. The estimated genotypic richness and diversity in our sorted viromes, with 52-163 estimated genotypes, was much lower than in previous virome reports. Fragment recruitment of metagenome reads to selected reference viral genomes yields high genome coverage, suggesting little amplification and sequencing bias against some genomic regions. These results underscore the value of our approach as an effective way to target and investigate specific virus groups. In particular, it will help reveal the diversity and abundance of giant viruses in marine ecosystems.

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“…Acidocalcisomes are ancient versatile organelles that store polyphosphates, calcium and metals, have regulatory roles during cell division and are present in all three superkingdoms 46 . Since membrane lipids are part of many viruses and are involved in the initial phases of viral infection, 47 we hypothesize that virocell membranes could have supported the appearance of first capsid proteins and could have facilitated the formation of “factories” in cellular hosts responsible for the first infectious viral cycles. This hypothesis implies that primitive viruses were in fact primordial cells with limited cytoplasmic structure but with a streamlined organelle-rich makeup.…”

Section: Origin Of Modern Viruses From Primordial Cellsmentioning

confidence: 95%