Lipofuscin and the Principles of Fundus Autofluorescence: A Review

Nandakumar, Namrata; Buzney, Sheldon M.; Weiter, John J.

doi:10.3109/08820538.2012.711415

Cited by 23 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…FAF abnormalities are caused by differences in the levels of lipofuscin in the RPE cells. 22 – 24 Lipofuscin contains toxic compounds such as A2E (N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine), and excessive lipofuscin accumulation, which causes increased FAF, 22 , 23 represents a common pathway in various degenerative and monogenetic retinal diseases. 23 , 25 , 26 The causes of reduced FAF signaling include reduced RPE lipofuscin density and increased RPE melanin content.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Widespread choroidal thickening and abnormal midperipheral fundus autofluorescence characterize exudative age-related macular degeneration with choroidal vascular hyperpermeability

Nomura¹,

Takahashi²,

Tan³

et al. 2015

OPTH

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PurposeTo investigate the clinical findings that characterize exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with choroidal vascular hyperpermeability (CVH).DesignRetrospective comparative study.ParticipantsForty-eight consecutive patients attending the outpatient clinic of Tokyo University Hospital between May 2013 and July 2013.MethodsThe presence or absence of CVH was determined with indocyanine green angiography performed at the latest visit. When CVH was observed, the eye was categorized as CVH(+) AMD, otherwise it was categorized as CVH(-) AMD. Using high-penetration optical coherence tomography, we measured choroidal thickness at the fovea and at four midperipheral areas (mean choroidal thickness at points on 6- and 9-papilla diameter circles superior, inferior, temporal, and nasal to the fovea). Ultrawide field retinal imaging was used to investigate abnormalities in midperipheral fundus autofluorescence (FAF). Choroidal thickness and the proportion of FAF abnormalities were compared between the CVH(+) AMD and CVH(−) AMD eyes and between eyes with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and typical AMD. Multiple regression analysis was used to control for treatment history and other characteristics.ResultsCVH was observed in 17 cases. Choroidal thickness was higher in the CVH(+) AMD eyes than in the CVH(−) AMD eyes at the fovea (325 μm versus 229 μm, respectively; P=0.0010, t-test), superior point (277 μm versus 215 μm, respectively; P=0.0021, t-test), inferior point (225 μm versus 161 μm, respectively; P=0.0002, t-test), and nasal point (202 μm versus 165 μm, respectively; P=0.042, t-test). The significance was maintained after controlling for possible confounders. The choroid was thicker at the fovea and at the inferior point in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy than in typical AMD. The rate of midperipheral FAF abnormality was significantly higher in the CVH(+) AMD eyes than in the CVH(−) AMD eyes (82% versus 48%, respectively; P=0.031).ConclusionAMD with CVH is associated with widespread choroidal thickening and peripheral FAF abnormalities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 23 , 25 , 26 The causes of reduced FAF signaling include reduced RPE lipofuscin density and increased RPE melanin content. 24 The loss of the RPE also leads to decreased lipofuscin density, making regions hypofluorescent. 23 , 24 Thus, almost all FAF abnormalities represent various degrees of RPE alteration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Widespread choroidal thickening and abnormal midperipheral fundus autofluorescence characterize exudative age-related macular degeneration with choroidal vascular hyperpermeability

Nomura¹,

Takahashi²,

Tan³

et al. 2015

OPTH

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“…The accumulation of lipofuscin in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is associated with the normal process of aging, but can also be an element in the pathological process associated with several retinal degenerative diseases [1,2,3]. There is also evidence that lipofuscin accumulation can lead to RPE and photoreceptor cell death [4,5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition or Stimulation of Autophagy Affects Early Formation of Lipofuscin-Like Autofluorescence in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cell

Lei

Tzekov

et al. 2017

IJMS

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The accumulation of lipofuscin in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is dependent on the effectiveness of photoreceptor outer segment material degradation. This study explored the role of autophagy in the fate of RPE lipofuscin degradation. After seven days of feeding with either native or modified rod outer segments, ARPE-19 cells were treated with enhancers or inhibitors of autophagy and the autofluorescence was detected by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Supplementation with different types of rod outer segments increased lipofuscin-like autofluorescence (LLAF) after the inhibition of autophagy, while the induction of autophagy (e.g., application of rapamycin) decreased LLAF. The effects of autophagy induction were further confirmed by Western blotting, which showed the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II, and by immunofluorescence microscopy, which detected the lysosomal activity of the autophagy inducers. We also monitored LLAF after the application of several autophagy inhibitors by RNA-interference and confocal microscopy. The results showed that, in general, the inhibition of the autophagy-related proteins resulted in an increase in LLAF when cells were fed with rod outer segments, which further confirms the effect of autophagy in the fate of RPE lipofuscin degradation. These results emphasize the complex role of autophagy in modulating RPE autofluorescence and confirm the possibility of the pharmacological clearance of RPE lipofuscin by small molecules.

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“…Endogenous fluorophores were chosen with an absorption maximum in the 440-460 nm region, which play an important role in the formation of fluorescent properties of normal and pathological skin tissues, based on the analysis of spectral characteristics (excitation and emission spectra). Spectral data and fluorescent properties (quantum yield, peak of molar extinction) were selected according to the analysis of review articles on the skin intrinsic fluorescence [21][22][23], and papers devoted to the investigation of individual skin components fluorescence [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. Part of the spectral data was obtained using the OMLC web resource (https://omlc.org/index.html), which provides databases, software, articles and free web guides on biomedical optics, supported by Scott Prahl and Steven Jacques.…”

Section: Multilayer Skin Model For Autofluorescence Induced By 450 Nmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical model of skin autofluorescence induced by 450 nm laser

Artemyev¹

2018

J-BPE

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Optical methods are increasingly being used for the early diagnosis of skin cancer. This approach allows for detecting the component composition changes of tissue in a non-invasive manner. Autofluorescence spectroscopy is a sensitive method for tumor diagnosis and the method availability distinguishes it among other approaches. This work is devoted to fluorescence modeling of skin tissues induced by 450 nm radiation. A multilayer skin model was developed using a set of fluorophores (eumelanin, lipofuscin, riboflavin, beta-carotene, bilirubin) matched with excitation radiation. Model autofluorescence spectra of normal skin tissues of the northern phenotype and pathological changes were obtained. The results were compared with the results of previous experimental studies of ex vivo autofluorescence spectra of the skin and neoplasms.

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Lipofuscin and the Principles of Fundus Autofluorescence: A Review

Cited by 23 publications

References 19 publications

Widespread choroidal thickening and abnormal midperipheral fundus autofluorescence characterize exudative age-related macular degeneration with choroidal vascular hyperpermeability

Widespread choroidal thickening and abnormal midperipheral fundus autofluorescence characterize exudative age-related macular degeneration with choroidal vascular hyperpermeability

Inhibition or Stimulation of Autophagy Affects Early Formation of Lipofuscin-Like Autofluorescence in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cell

Mathematical model of skin autofluorescence induced by 450 nm laser

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