Lipophilic Toxins in Wild Bivalves from the Southern Gulf of California, Mexico

Abstract

Most of the shellfish fisheries of Mexico occur in the Gulf of California. In this region, known for its high primary productivity, blooms of diatoms and dinoflagellates are common, occurring mainly during upwelling events. Dinoflagellates that produce lipophilic toxins are present, where some outbreaks related to okadaic acid and dinophisystoxins have been recorded. From January 2015 to November 2017 samples of three species of wild bivalve mollusks were collected monthly in five sites in the southern region of Bahía de La Paz. Pooled tissue extracts were analyzed using LC-MS/MS to detect lipophilic toxins. Eighteen analogs of seven toxin groups, including cyclic imines were identified, fortunately individual toxins did not exceed regulatory levels and also the total toxin concentration for each bivalve species was lower than the maximum permitted level for human consumption. Interspecific differences in toxin number and concentration were observed in three species of bivalves even when the samples were collected at the same site. Okadaic acid was detected in low concentrations, while yessotoxins and gymnodimines had the highest concentrations in bivalve tissues. Although in low quantities, the presence of cyclic imines and other lipophilic toxins in bivalves from the southern Gulf of California was constant.

Development of an Efficient Extraction Method for Harvesting Gymnodimine-A from Large-Scale Cultures of Karenia selliformis

“…Similar to other phycotoxins, a high content of GYMs can accumulate in bivalve mollusks, including in scallops, mussels, oysters, and clams. Shellfish samples contaminated by Toxins 2021, 13, 793 2 of 14 GYMs have been reported in China [8,9], Europe [10,11], Lebanon [12], Mexico [13] and India [14]. Even though a regulatory limit for GYMs in shellfish has not been adopted due to lack of knowledge regarding their toxicological effects on human health, this toxin group has been evaluated by EFSA [15].…”

Marine By-Products Tested as Feed for Almaco Jack Seriola rivoliana and Their Effect on Fatty Acids and Sterols in Different Tissues

“…and Prorocentrum spp.) that produce diarrhetic toxins (OA group) have been registered in the Gulf of California [16,28,29] in Todos Santos Bay, Northern Pacific coast of Mexico [30], in the Magdalena-Almejas lagoon system, B.C.S, from 1980 to 1989 and during 2005 and 2006 [31], and in Laguna Ojo de Liebre, B.C.S., from May to June 2014 [28,32]. Some species of Dinophysis and Prorocentrum produce toxins, particularly OA and DTXs that are accumulated by bivalve mollusks, such as oysters and clams after consuming these dinoflagellates [33,34].…”

Marine natural products

“…625 Synthesis of the proposed structures of bathymodiolamides A and B, originally isolated from the deep-sea hydrothermal vent mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus, gave products that exhibited discrepancies in NMR data and in vitro cytotoxicity proles. 626 The seasonal and location variations of levels of cyclic imine toxins in northern Adriatic Sea mussels, oysters, scallops and edible ascidians, 627 gymnodimine A in Spanish molluscs, 628 lipophilic toxins in shellsh from SE China, 629 and Southern Gulf of California, 630 and okadaic acids and pectenotoxin-2 toxins and associated algal species in a lagoon in Sardinia, 631 have been reported. The distribution of other mollusc/bivalve…”

“…The seasonal and location variations of levels of cyclic imine toxins in northern Adriatic Sea mussels, oysters, scallops and edible ascidians, 627 gymnodimine A in Spanish molluscs, 628 lipophilic toxins in shellfish from SE China, 629 and Southern Gulf of California, 630 and okadaic acids and pectenotoxin-2 toxins and associated algal species in a lagoon in Sardinia, 631 have been reported. The distribution of other mollusc/bivalve related toxins including tetrodotoxin in shellfish in southern England, 632 and Central and Northern Adriatic Sea, 633,634 and domoic acid in mussels (Turkey), 635 and bivalves (NW Spain), 636 have also been described.…”