Lipopolysaccharides of Vibrio cholerae

Chatterjee, Satadal; Chaudhuri, Keya

doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2003.08.004

Cited by 154 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…WbdD is the terminating enzyme and thus regulates chain length by methylat-ing the glycan: the higher the concentration of this enzyme, the shorter the glycan chains (174). An ABC transporter formed by the Wzm-Wzt heterodimer transports the structure to the periplasm (63,150,(175)(176)(177) (Fig. 6B).…”

Section: Macroamphiphilic Glycolipidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Sweet Tooth of Bacteria: Common Themes in Bacterial Glycoconjugates

Tytgat

Lebeer

2014

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

129

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SUMMARY Humans have been increasingly recognized as being superorganisms, living in close contact with a microbiota on all their mucosal surfaces. However, most studies on the human microbiota have focused on gaining comprehensive insights into the composition of the microbiota under different health conditions (e.g., enterotypes), while there is also a need for detailed knowledge of the different molecules that mediate interactions with the host. Glycoconjugates are an interesting class of molecules for detailed studies, as they form a strain-specific barcode on the surface of bacteria, mediating specific interactions with the host. Strikingly, most glycoconjugates are synthesized by similar biosynthesis mechanisms. Bacteria can produce their major glycoconjugates by using a sequential or an en bloc mechanism, with both mechanistic options coexisting in many species for different macromolecules. In this review, these common themes are conceptualized and illustrated for all major classes of known bacterial glycoconjugates, with a special focus on the rather recently emergent field of glycosylated proteins. We describe the biosynthesis and importance of glycoconjugates in both pathogenic and beneficial bacteria and in both Gram-positive and -negative organisms. The focus lies on microorganisms important for human physiology. In addition, the potential for a better knowledge of bacterial glycoconjugates in the emerging field of glycoengineering and other perspectives is discussed.

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Section: Macroamphiphilic Glycolipidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Sweet Tooth of Bacteria: Common Themes in Bacterial Glycoconjugates

Tytgat

Lebeer

2014

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

129

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“…Separate data for these years in children under 5 years old, those 5 to 15 years old, and persons above 15 years old were not reported (23). The vaccine's cumulative protective efficacy during 5 years of surveillance was 65,42,68, and 74% in all of the age groups, children under 5 years old, those 5 to 15 years old, and participants above 15 years old, respectively (23).…”

Section: Protective Efficacymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is well established that the two groups of V. cholerae (O1 and O139) have LPSs that differ in composition and amount (42,43). V. cholerae O139 possesses both LPS and capsular polysaccharide (CPS), which are present at a ratio of 1:2, LPS being the minor component (43).…”

Section: Vaccine Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Analysis of Compositions and Protective Efficacies of Oral Killed Cholera Vaccines

Kabir

2014

Clin. Vaccine Immunol.

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Two cholera vaccines, sold as Shanchol and Dukoral, are currently available. This review presents a critical analysis of the protective efficacies of these vaccines. Children under 5 years of age are very vulnerable to cholera and account for the highest incidence of cholera cases and more than half of the resulting deaths. Both Shanchol and Dukoral are two-spaced-dose oral vaccines comprising large numbers of killed cholera bacteria. The former contains Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 cells, and the latter contains V. cholerae O1 cells with the recombinant B subunit of cholera toxin. In a field trial in Kolkata (India), Shanchol, the preferred vaccine, protected 45% of the test subjects in all of the age groups and only 17% of the children under 5 years of age during the first year of surveillance. In a field trial in Peru, two spaced doses of Dukoral offered negative protection in children under 5 years of age and little protection (15%) in vaccinees over 6 years of age during the first year of surveillance. Little is known about Dukoral's long-term protective efficacy. Both of these vaccines have questionable compositions, using V. cholerae O1 strains isolated in 1947 that have been inactivated by heat and formalin treatments that may denature protein. Immunological studies revealed Dukoral's reduced and short-lived efficacy, as measured by several immunological endpoints. Various factors, such as the necessity for multiple doses, poor protection of children under 5 years of age, the requirement of a cold supply chain, production costs, and complex logistics of vaccine delivery, greatly reduce the suitability of either of these vaccines for endemic or epidemic cholera control in resource-poor settings.

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“…Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, the severe watery diarrheal disease that has the potential to become pandemic. Based on variable somatic (outer membrane) O-antigen composition, more than 200 serogroups of V. cholerae have been recognized to date (4). Of them, toxigenic strains of V. cholerae typically belong to serogroups O1 or O139 and are rare in the United States (5).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nontoxigenic Vibrio cholerae Non-O1/O139 Isolate from a Case of Human Gastroenteritis in the U.S. Gulf Coast

et al. 2015

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An occurrence of Vibrio cholerae non-O1/O139 gastroenteritis in the U.S. Gulf Coast is reported here. Genomic analysis revealed that the isolate lacked known virulence factors associated with the clinical outcome of a V. cholerae infection but did contain putative genomic islands and other accessory virulence factors. Many of these factors are widespread among environmental strains of V. cholerae, suggesting that there might be additional virulence factors in non-O1/O139 V. cholerae yet to be determined. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate belonged to a phyletic lineage of environmental V. cholerae isolates associated with sporadic cases of gastroenteritis in the Western Hemisphere, suggesting a need to monitor non-O1/O139 V. cholerae in the interest of public health. Vibrio spp. are natural inhabitants of marine and estuarine environments, and they cause human infections that most commonly present as gastroenteritis or wound infections and/or septicemia (1, 2). The infection is generally acquired through the consumption of contaminated food or water or by the direct invasion of wounds (3). Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, the severe watery diarrheal disease that has the potential to become pandemic. Based on variable somatic (outer membrane) O-antigen composition, more than 200 serogroups of V. cholerae have been recognized to date (4). Of them, toxigenic strains of V. cholerae typically belong to serogroups O1 or O139 and are rare in the United States (5). All other serogroups, notably the non-O1/O139 serogroup, are frequently isolated from environmental sources and have been associated with sporadic cases of gastroenteritis or extraintestinal infections. Although none has caused a pandemic yet (6), these serogroups have reportedly caused epidemics of cholera through the acquisition of genes carried on mobile elements (e.g., O antigens, vibrio pathogenicity island 1 [VPI-1], VPI-2, cholera toxin phage [CTX], and heatstable enterotoxin [NAG-ST]). Human illnesses caused by environmental V. cholerae non-O1/O139 serogroups are reported regularly (7). Over the past few decades, environmental studies have shown that nontoxigenic V. cholerae strains inhabit estuarine waters along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts (8-14). They are most commonly isolated from environmental sources, such as brackish water, oysters, and sewage, and have been reported in many countries, such as Bangladesh, Brazil, Guam, Great Britain, and the United States, even when cholera outbreaks had not been recorded for decades in those countries (2).In the United States, the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood is the leading cause of non-O1/O139 V. cholerae-associated gastroenteritis, with isolated cases reported (8,15). Outbreaks of intestinal illness caused by non-O1/O139 V. cholerae have been reported more commonly than would be expected (16)(17)(18). Since 2000, an average of 44 cases has been reported each year (http:// www.cdc.gov/nationalsurveillance/cholera-vibrio-surveillance .html). The majority of infectio...

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Lipopolysaccharides of Vibrio cholerae

Cited by 154 publications

References 94 publications

The Sweet Tooth of Bacteria: Common Themes in Bacterial Glycoconjugates

The Sweet Tooth of Bacteria: Common Themes in Bacterial Glycoconjugates

Critical Analysis of Compositions and Protective Efficacies of Oral Killed Cholera Vaccines

Nontoxigenic Vibrio cholerae Non-O1/O139 Isolate from a Case of Human Gastroenteritis in the U.S. Gulf Coast

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