Liposome-Encapsulated (S)-1-(3-Hydroxy-2-Phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine for Long-Acting Therapy of Viral Retinitis

Kuppermann, Baruch D.; Assil, Kerry K.; Vuong, C; Besen, Gilberto; Wiley, Clayton A.; Clercq, Erik De; Bergeron–Lynn, Germaine; Connor, James D.; Pursley, Michael; Munguia, David; Freeman, William R.

doi:10.1093/infdis/173.1.18

Cited by 31 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…A single intravitreal injection of cidofovir was able to prevent progression of herpes simplex virus type 1 retinitis for an almost 10 times longer period of time than with a single intravitreal injection of ganciclovir in a rabbit model [46][47][48][49][50] . No signs of retinal toxicity were found at the doses ^ 100 g/eye injected intravitreally in rabbits and Papio cynocephalus monkeys [48] .…”

Section: Antiviral Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinal and Ocular Toxicity in Ocular Application of Drugs and Chemicals – Part II: Retinal Toxicity of Current and New Drugs

et al. 2010

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Aims: Retinal pharmacotherapy has gained great importance for the treatment of various retinal diseases. An increasing number of drugs have been constantly released into the market, especially for wet age-related macular disease and diabetic macular edema. In this review, the issues concerning the toxicity of current and new classes of drugs are discussed. Methods: An extensive search of the literature was performed to review various aspects of drug toxicity in retinal pharmacotherapy. The different major classes of drugs, such as corticosteroids, antibiotics, antimetabolites, antineoplastic agents, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, enzymes, fibrinolytics, miscellaneous anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic agents, as well as toxicity unrelated to the drug were identified and discussed. Results: Corticosteroids like fluocinolone, dexamethasone or triamcinolone at low dose cause little damage to the retina, but at high doses signs of toxicity have been well documented. Complications like cataract and glaucoma are quite common with corticosteroids. Aminoglycosides showed differences in the type and doses associated with toxic reactions, thereby the following order of toxicity can be described (from most toxic to least toxic): gentamicin > netilmicin = tobramycin > amikacin = kanamycin. Vancomycin at the usual dose of 1 mg is not toxic to the retina, while further studies are necessary in order to clarify the safety of new-generation quinolones. 5-Fluorouracil has been shown to be nontoxic to the retina after an injection of 2.5 mg in animals. mAbs like ranibizumab and bevacizumab were demonstrated to be safe to the retina in cell culture, animals and humans at high doses. The exact biocompatibility of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents like diclofenac needs further evaluation. Preservatives like benzyl alcohol and changes in pH or osmolarity exert an influence on the toxic effects of intravitreally applied drugs. Conclusions: A great number of drugs are now used mainly intravitreally without relevant retinal toxicity.

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Section: Antiviral Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinal and Ocular Toxicity in Ocular Application of Drugs and Chemicals – Part II: Retinal Toxicity of Current and New Drugs

et al. 2010

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“…Nonetheless, toxicity may be a serious drawback. Intravitreous injections of these long-acting compounds would be an interesting approach, deserving further research [28,29]. Oral ganciclovir has shown some efficacy as secondary prophylaxis in adults, in delaying the progression of retinitis [30,31] and might also be of major interest for use in children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Report of a case of aggressive cytomegalovirus retinitis in an infant with AIDS

Tejada¹,

Sarmiento²,

Ramos³

et al. 1997

Int Ophthalmol

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“…The liposomal formulation has fewer toxic effects than the native form thus allowing delivery of higher dosages intravitreally [52]. Improvement of drug pharmacokinetic properties by intravitreal injection of liposomal therapeutics has also been observed in amikacin [53], amphotericin B [54], bevacizumab [55], cidofovir [56], ganciclovir [57], ciprofloxacin [58], clindamycin [59], gentamicin [60], and tobramycin [61]. …”

Section: Investigational Implantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug Delivery Implants in the Treatment of Vitreous Inflammation

Wang

Jiang

Joshi

et al. 2013

Mediators of Inflammation

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The eye is a model organ for the local delivery of therapeutics. This proves beneficial when treating vitreous inflammation and other ophthalmic pathologies. The chronicity of certain diseases, however, limits the effectiveness of locally administered drugs. To maintain such treatments often requires frequent office visits and can result in increased risk of infection and toxicity to the patient. This paper focuses on the implantable devices and particulate drug delivery systems that are currently being implemented and investigated to overcome these challenges. Implants currently on the market or undergoing clinical trials include those made of nonbiodegradable polymers, containing ganciclovir, fluocinolone acetonide, triamcinolone acetonide, and ranibizumab, and biodegradable polymers, containing dexamethasone, triamcinolone acetonide, and ranibizumab. Investigational intravitreal implants and particulate drug delivery systems, such as nanoparticles, microparticles, and liposomes, are also explored in this review article.

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Liposome-Encapsulated (S)-1-(3-Hydroxy-2-Phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine for Long-Acting Therapy of Viral Retinitis

Cited by 31 publications

References 35 publications

Retinal and Ocular Toxicity in Ocular Application of Drugs and Chemicals – Part II: Retinal Toxicity of Current and New Drugs

Retinal and Ocular Toxicity in Ocular Application of Drugs and Chemicals – Part II: Retinal Toxicity of Current and New Drugs

Report of a case of aggressive cytomegalovirus retinitis in an infant with AIDS

Drug Delivery Implants in the Treatment of Vitreous Inflammation

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