Breast cancer (BC) is a malignant neoplasm that begins
in the breast
tissue. After skin cancer, BC is the second most common type of cancer
in women. At the end of 2040, the number of newly diagnosed BC cases
is projected to increase by over 40%, reaching approximately 3 million
worldwide annually. The hormonal and chemotherapeutic approaches based
on conventional formulations have inappropriate therapeutic effects
and suboptimal pharmacokinetic responses with nonspecific targeting
actions. To overcome such issues, the use of nanomedicines, including
liposomes, nanoparticles, micelles, hybrid nanoparticles, etc., has
gained wider attention in the treatment of BC. Smaller dimensional
nanomedicine (especially 50–200 nm) exhibited improved in vivo
effectiveness, such as better tissue penetration and more effective
tumor suppression through enhanced retention and permeation, as well
as active targeting of the drug. Additionally, nanotechnology, which
further extended and developed theranostic nanomedicine by incorporating
diagnostic and imaging agents in one platform, has been applied to
BC. Furthermore, hybrid and theranostic nanomedicine has also been
explored for gene delivery as anticancer therapeutics in BC. Moreover,
the nanocarriers’ size, shape, surface charge, chemical compositions,
and surface area play an important role in the nanocarriers’
stability, cellular absorption, cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, and
toxicity. Additionally, nanomedicine clinical translation for managing
BC remains a slow process. However, a few cases are being used clinically,
and their progress with the current challenges is addressed in this
Review. Therefore, this Review extensively discusses recent advancements
in nanomedicine and its clinical challenges in BC.